Emotion AI , Real-Time Emotion Detection using CNN. In this paper, we describe a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) approach to realtime emotion detection. We utilize data from the Extended Cohn-Kanade dataset, Japanese Female Facial Expression data set, and our own custom images in order to train this model, and apply preprocessing steps to improve performance. We re-train a LeNet and AlexNet implementation, both of which perform with above 97% accuracy. Qualitative analysis of real-time images shows that the above models perform reasonably well at classifying facial expressions, but not as well as the quantitative results would indicate.

Question: What is a convolutional neural network?


Information security culture: A management perspective. Information technology has become an integral part of modern life. Today, the use of information permeates every aspect of both business and private lives. Most organizations need information systems to survive and prosper and thus need to be serious about protecting their information assets. Many of the processes needed to protect these information assets are, to a large extent, dependent on human cooperated behavior. Employees, whether intentionally or through negligence, often due to a lack of knowledge, are the greatest threat to information security. It has become widely accepted that the establishment of an organizational sub-culture of information security is key to managing the human factors involved in information security. This paper briefly examines the generic concept of corporate culture and then borrows from the management and economical sciences to present a conceptual model of information security culture. The presented model incorporates the concept of elasticity from the economical sciences in order to show how various variables in an information security culture influence each other. The purpose of the presented model is to facilitate conceptual thinking and argumentation about information security culture. a 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Question: What is the purpose of the presented model?


A Survey on Automatically Mining Facets for Web Queries. Received Jan 4, 2017 Revised Jun 2, 2017 Accepted Jun 26, 2017 In this paper, a detailed survey on different facet mining techniques, their advantages and disadvantages is carried out. Facets are any word or phrase which summarize an important aspect about the web query. Researchers proposed different efficient techniques which improves the user's web query search experiences magnificently. Users are happy when they find the relevant information to their query in the top results. The objectives of their research are: (1) To present automated solution to derive the query facets by analyzing the text query; (2) To create taxonomy of query refinement strategies for efficient results; and (3) To personalize search according to user interest. Keyword:

Question: What is the difference between a facet and a query?


SAIL: single access point-based indoor localization. This paper presents SAIL, a Single Access Point Based Indoor Localization system. Although there have been advances in WiFi-based positioning techniques, we find that existing solutions either require a dense deployment of access points (APs), manual fingerprinting, energy hungry WiFi scanning, or sophisticated AP hardware. We design SAIL using a single commodity WiFi AP to avoid these restrictions. SAIL computes the distance between the client and an AP using the propagation delay of the signal traversing between the two, combines the distance with smartphone dead-reckoning techniques, and employs geometric methods to ultimately yield the client's location using a single AP. SAIL combines physical layer (PHY) information and human motion to compute the propagation delay of the direct path by itself, eliminating the adverse effect of multipath and yielding sub-meter distance estimation accuracy. Furthermore, SAIL systematically addresses some of the common challenges towards dead-reckoning using smartphone sensors and achieves 2-5x accuracy improvements over existing techniques. We have implemented SAIL on commodity wireless APs and smartphones. Evaluation in a large-scale enterprise environment with 10 mobile users demonstrates that SAIL can capture the user's location with a mean error of 2.3m using just a single AP.

Question: What is the single access point based indoor localization system?


Designing Password Policies for Strength and Usability. Password-composition policies are the result of service providers becoming increasingly concerned about the security of online accounts. These policies restrict the space of user-created passwords to preclude easily guessed passwords and thus make passwords more difficult for attackers to guess. However, many users struggle to create and recall their passwords under strict password-composition policies, for example, ones that require passwords to have at least eight characters with multiple character classes and a dictionary check. Recent research showed that a promising alternative was to focus policy requirements on password length instead of on complexity. In this work, we examine 15 password policies, many focusing on length requirements. In doing so, we contribute the first thorough examination of policies requiring longer passwords. We conducted two online studies with over 20,000 participants, and collected both usability and password-strength data. Our findings indicate that password strength and password usability are not necessarily inversely correlated: policies that lead to stronger passwords do not always reduce usability. We identify policies that are both more usable and more secure than commonly used policies that emphasize complexity rather than length requirements. We also provide practical recommendations for service providers who want their users to have strong yet usable passwords.

Question: What is the difference between usability and security?


A visual analytics agenda. Researchers have made significant progress in disciplines such as scientific and information visualization, statistically based exploratory and confirmatory analysis, data and knowledge representations, and perceptual and cognitive sciences. Although some research is being done in this area, the pace at which new technologies and technical talents are becoming available is far too slow to meet the urgent need. National Visualization and Analytics Center's goal is to advance the state of the science to enable analysts to detect the expected and discover the unexpected from massive and dynamic information streams and databases consisting of data of multiple types and from multiple sources, even though the data are often conflicting and incomplete. Visual analytics is a multidisciplinary field that includes the following focus areas: (i) analytical reasoning techniques, (ii) visual representations and interaction techniques, (iii) data representations and transformations, (iv) techniques to support production, presentation, and dissemination of analytical results. The R&D agenda for visual analytics addresses technical needs for each of these focus areas, as well as recommendations for speeding the movement of promising technologies into practice. This article provides only the concise summary of the R&D agenda. We encourage reading, discussion, and debate as well as active innovation toward the agenda for visual analysis.

Question: What is the visual analytics agenda?


Multi-Graph Learning with Positive and Unlabeled Bags. In this paper, we formulate a new multi-graph learning task with only positive and unlabeled bags, where labels are only available for bags but not for individual graphs inside the bag. This problem setting raises significant challenges because bag-of-graph setting does not have features to directly represent graph data, and no negative bags exits for deriving discriminative classification models. To solve the challenge, we propose a puMGL learning framework which relies on two iteratively combined processes for multigraph learning: (1) deriving features to represent graphs for learning; and (2) deriving discriminative models with only positive and unlabeled graph bags. For the former, we derive a subgraph scoring criterion to select a set of informative subgraphs to convert each graph into a feature space. To handle unlabeled bags, we assign a weight value to each bag and use the adjusted weight values to select most promising unlabeled bags as negative bags. A margin graph pool (MGP), which contains some representative graphs from positive bags and identified negative bags, is used for selecting subgraphs and training graph classifiers. The iterative subgraph scoring, bag weight updating, and MGP based graph classification forms a closed loop to find optimal subgraphs and most suitable unlabeled bags for multi-graph learning. Experiments and comparisons on real-world multigraph data demonstrate the algorithm performance.

Question: What is a margin graph pool?


Diabetes Prediction by using Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm And Artificial Neural Network. Diagnosis of any diseases earlier is always preferable .diabetes is one such diseases.it reaches to the epidemic proportional in many developing countries and also reaching to industrialized nations. In this study, we investigate a programmable method to analyze diabetes diseases based on BFO and ANN.ANN is a powerful tool and solves the problems such as classification and prediction. Its performance is highly dependent on its architecture and weights. To gain high efficiency in ANN, an appropriate Architecture and learning Algorithm is preferable. The experiments on dataset occupied from undertaking repository to verify the potential of BFO algorithm and showed that BFO-ANN is more accurate than traditional ANN in terms of classification. General Terms-Artificial Neural Network, BacterialForaging Optimization Algorithm.

Question: What is the difference between BFO and ANN?


Visual firewall: real-time network security monitor. Networked systems still suffer from poor firewall configuration and monitoring. VisualFirewall seeks to aid in the configuration of firewalls and monitoring of networks by providing four simultaneous views that display varying levels of detail and time-scales as well as correctly visualizing firewall reactions to individual packets. The four implemented views, real-time traffic, visual signature, statistics, and IDS alarm, provide the levels of detail and temporality that system administrators need to properly monitor their systems in a passive or an active manner. We have visualized several attacks, and we feel that even individuals unfamiliar with networking concepts can quickly distinguish between benign and malignant traffic patterns with a minimal amount of introduction.

Question: What is a firewall?


CEDD: Color and Edge Directivity Descriptor: A Compact Descriptor for Image Indexing and Retrieval. This paper deals with a new low level feature that is extracted from the images and can be used for indexing and retrieval. This feature is called "Color and Edge Directivity Descriptor" and incorporates color and texture information in a histogram. CEDD size is limited to 54 bytes per image, rendering this descriptor suitable for use in large image databases. One of the most important attribute of the CEDD is the low computational power needed for its extraction, in comparison with the needs of the most MPEG-7 descriptors. The objective measure called ANMRR is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed feature. An online demo that implements the proposed feature in an image retrieval system is available at: http://orpheus.ee.duth.gr/image_retrieval.

Question: What is the objective measure called ANMRR?


Assessing Organizational Capabilities: Reviewing and Guiding the Development of Maturity Grids. Managing and improving organizational capabilities is a significant and complex issue for many companies. To support management and enable improvement, performance assessments are commonly used. One way of assessing organizational capabilities is by means of maturity grids. While maturity grids may share a common structure, their content differs and very often they are developed anew. This paper presents both a reference point and guidance for developing maturity grids. This is achieved by reviewing 24 existing maturity grids and by suggesting a roadmap for their development. The review places particular emphasis on embedded assumptions about organizational change in the formulation of the maturity ratings. The suggested roadmap encompasses four phases: planning, development, evaluation, and maintenance. Each phase discusses a number of decision points for development, such as the selection of process areas, maturity levels, and the delivery mechanism. An example demonstrating the roadmap's utility in industrial practice is provided. The roadmap can also be used to evaluate existing approaches. In concluding the paper, implications for management practice and research are presented.

Question: What is a maturity grid?


Differential effects of attentional focus strategies during long-term resistance training.. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of using an internal versus external focus of attention during resistance training on muscular adaptations. Thirty untrained college-aged men were randomly assigned to an internal focus group (INTERNAL) that focused on contracting the target muscle during training (n = 15) or an external focus group (EXTERNAL) that focused on the outcome of the lift (n = 15). Training for both routines consisted of 3 weekly sessions performed on non-consecutive days for 8 weeks. Subjects performed 4 sets of 8-12 repetitions per exercise. Changes in strength were assessed by six repetition maximum in the biceps curl and isometric maximal voluntary contraction in knee extension and elbow flexion. Changes in muscle thickness for the elbow flexors and quadriceps were assessed by ultrasound. Results show significantly greater increases in elbow flexor thickness in INTERNAL versus EXTERNAL (12.4% vs. 6.9%, respectively); similar changes were noted in quadriceps thickness. Isometric elbow flexion strength was greater for INTERNAL while isometric knee extension strength was greater for EXTERNAL, although neither reached statistical significance. The findings lend support to the use of a mind-muscle connection to enhance muscle hypertrophy.

Question: What is the difference between internal and external focus of attention?


Medieval Islamic Architecture , Quasicrystals , and Penrose and Girih Tiles : Questions from the Classroom. Tiling Theory studies how one might cover the plane with various shapes. Medieval Islamic artisans developed intricate geometric tilings to decorate their mosques, mausoleums, and shrines. Some of these patterns, called girih tilings, first appeared in the 12 Century AD. Recent investigations show these medieval tilings contain symmetries similar to those found in aperiodic Penrose tilings first investigated in the West in the 1970's. These intriguing discoveries may suggest that the mathematical understanding of these artisans was much deeper than originally thought.

Question: What is aperiodic?


Group signatures with verifier-local revocation. Group signatures have recently become important for enabling privacy-preserving attestation in projects such as Microsoft's ngscb effort (formerly Palladium). Revocation is critical to the security of such systems. We construct a short group signature scheme that supports Verifier-Local Revocation (VLR). In this model, revocation messages are only sent to signature verifiers (as opposed to both signers and verifiers). Consequently there is no need to contact individual signers when some user is revoked. This model is appealing for systems providing attestation capabilities. Our signatures are as short as standard RSA signatures with comparable security. Security of our group signature (in the random oracle model) is based on the Strong Diffie-Hellman assumption and the Decision Linear assumption in bilinear groups. We give a precise model for VLR group signatures and discuss its implications.

Question: What is the difference between a group signature and a digital signature?


Fusion of multispectral and panchromatic images using improved IHS and PCA mergers based on wavelet decomposition. Since Chavez proposed the highpass filtering procedure to fuse multispectral and panchromatic images, several fusion methods have been developed based on the same principle: to extract from the panchromatic image spatial detail information to later inject it into the multispectral one. In this paper, we present new fusion alternatives based on the same concept, using the multiresolution wavelet decomposition to execute the detail extraction phase and the intensity-hue-saturation (IHS) and principal component analysis (PCA) procedures to inject the spatial detail of the panchromatic image into the multispectral one. The multiresolution wavelet decomposition has been performed using both decimated and undecimated algorithms and the resulting merged images compared both spectral and spatially. These fusion methods, as well as standard IHS-, PCA-, and wavelet-based methods have been used to merge Systeme Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT) 4 XI and SPOT 4 M images with a ratio 4:1. We have estimated the validity of each fusion method by analyzing, visually and quantitatively, the quality of the resulting fused images. The methodological approaches proposed in this paper result in merged images with improved quality with respect to those obtained by standard IHS, PCA, and standard wavelet-based fusion methods. For both proposed fusion methods, better results are obtained when an undecimated algorithm is used to perform the multiresolution wavelet decomposition.

Question: How to fuse multispectral and panchromatic images?


Dual-Band Omnidirectional Circularly Polarized Antenna. A dual-band omnidirectional circularly polarized antenna is proposed. The antenna comprises back-to-back microstrip patches fed by a coplanar waveguide. A very low frequency ratio of 1.182 has been achieved, which can be easily tuned by adjusting four lumped capacitors incorporated into the antenna. An analysis of the omnidirectional circular polarization mechanism as well the dual band operation is provided and confirmed by numerical and experimental data. Key parameters to tune the resonant frequencies and the axial ratio have been identified. The prototype antenna provides omnidirectional circular polarization in one plane with cross polar isolation better than 12 dB for both frequency bands.

Question: What is the dual band operation?


A review of process fault detection and diagnosis: Part II: Qualitative models and search strategies. In this part of the paper, we review qualitative model representations and search strategies used in fault diagnostic systems. Qualitative models are usually developed based on some fundamental understanding of the physics and chemistry of the process. Various forms of qualitative models such as causal models and abstraction hierarchies are discussed. The relative advantages and disadvantages of these representations are highlighted. In terms of search strategies, we broadly classify them as topographic and symptomatic search techniques. Topographic searches perform malfunction analysis using a template of normal operation, whereas, symptomatic searches look for symptoms to direct the search to the fault location. Various forms of topographic and symptomatic search strategies are discussed. # 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Question: What is the difference between a qualitative model and a quantitative model?


ERP in action - Challenges and benefits for management control in SME context. Article history: Received 31 January 2011 Received in revised form 7 February 2012 Accepted 2 March 2012 ERP systems have fundamentally re-shaped the way business data is collected, stored, disseminated and used throughout the world. However, the existing research in accounting has provided only relatively few empirical findings on the implications for management control when companies implement ERP systems as the technological platform. Especially scarce are the findings concerning the production phase, after implementation, when the information processes, related work practices and the new information contents can be seen as established. In this paper we explored and theorized the benefits, challenges and problems for management control when an ERP system is in use, four years after the implementation. Our findings also illustrate why and under what circumstances these challenges and benefits may exist. For a holistic view of the organization our findings, based on a qualitative case study, are constructed from the viewpoints of people at different levels and functions of the organization. Top management expected a new strategic control system, but due to the many challenges it ended up with merely financial accounting based control. At the operational level, serious challenges lead to inadequate usage of the ERP system. Management control produces the financial basic data and must contend with many practical problems caused by ERP implementation. © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Question: What is the difference between a strategic control system and a financial accounting based control system?


Comparative Analysis of Intelligent Transportation Systems for Sustainable Environment in Smart Cities. In recent works on the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), "intelligent" and "sustainable" have been the buzzwords in the context of transportation. Maintaining sustainability in IoV is always a challenge. Sustainability in IoV can be achieved not only by the use of pollution-free vehicular systems, but also by maintenance of road traffic safety or prevention of accidents or collisions. With the aim of establishing an effective sustainable transportation planning system, this study performs a short analysis of existing sustainable transportation methods in the IoV. This study also analyzes various characteristics of sustainability and the advantages and disadvantages of existing transportation systems. Toward the end, this study provides a clear suggestion for effective sustainable transportation planning aimed at the maintenance of an eco-friendly environment and road traffic safety, which, in turn, would lead to a sustainable transportation system.

Question: What is the difference between intelligent and sustainable?


Automatic Linguistic Annotation of Large Scale L 2 Databases : The EF-Cambridge Open Language Database ( EFCamDat ). ∗Naturalistic learner productions are an important empirical resource for SLA research. Some pioneering works have produced valuable second language (L2) resources supporting SLA research.1 One common limitation of these resources is the absence of individual longitudinal data for numerous speakers with different backgrounds across the proficiency spectrum, which is vital for understanding the nature of individual variation in longitudinal development.2 A second limitation is the relatively restricted amounts of data annotated with linguistic information (e.g., lexical, morphosyntactic, semantic features, etc.) to support investigation of SLA hypotheses and obtain patterns of development for different linguistic phenomena. Where available, annotations tend to be manually obtained, a situation posing immediate limitations to the quantity of data that could be annotated with reasonable human resources and within reasonable time. Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools can provide automatic annotations for parts-of-speech (POS) and syntactic structure and are indeed increasingly applied to learner language in various contexts. Systems in computer-assisted language learning (CALL) have used a parser and other NLP tools to automatically detect learner errors and provide feedback accordingly.3 Some work aimed at adapting annotations provided by parsing tools to accurately describe learner syntax (Dickinson & Lee, 2009) or evaluated parser performance on learner language and the effect of learner errors on the parser. Krivanek and Meurers (2011) compared two parsing methods, one using a hand-crafted lexicon and one trained on a corpus. They found that the former is more successful in recovering the main grammatical dependency relations whereas the latter is more successful in recovering optional, adjunction relations. Ott and Ziai (2010) evaluated the perfor

Question: What is the difference between a parser and a parser?


Cryptography on FPGAs: State of the Art Implementations and Attacks. In the last decade, it has become aparent that embedded systems are integral parts of our every day lives. The wireless nature of many embedded applications as well as their omnipresence has made the need for security and privacy preserving mechanisms particularly important. Thus, as FPGAs become integral parts of embedded systems, it is imperative to consider their security as a whole. This contribution provides a state-of-the-art description of security issues on FPGAs, both from the system and implementation perspectives. We discuss the advantages of reconfigurable hardware for cryptographic applications, show potential security problems of FPGAs, and provide a list of open research problems. Moreover, we summarize both public and symmetric-key algorithm implementations on FPGAs.

Question: What is the state of the art in cryptography on FPGAs?


Age effects on wayfinding and route learning skills. While existing evidence suggests that older adults have compromised spatial navigation abilities, the effects of age on specific aspects of navigational skill are less well specified. The current study examined age effects on spatial navigation abilities considering the multiple cognitive and neural factors that contribute to successful navigation. Young and older adults completed wayfinding and route learning tasks in a virtual environment and aspects of environmental knowledge were assessed. Prefrontal, caudate and hippocampal volumes were obtained in a subset of older adults. Age differences were observed in both wayfinding and route learning. For wayfinding, there were age effects in recalling landmarks, and recognizing environmental scenes. In the route learning condition, older adults evidenced difficulty with the location, temporal order and directional information of landmarks. In both conditions, there was evidence of age-related differences in the acquisition of configural knowledge. Wayfinding was associated with the hippocampus whereas route learning was associated with the caudate nucleus. These results provide indications of specific aspects of navigational learning that may contribute to age-related declines and potential neural substrates.

Question: What is the difference between wayfinding and route learning?


Efficient set joins on similarity predicates. In this paper we present an efficient, scalable and general algorithm for performing set joins on predicates involving various similarity measures like intersect size, Jaccard-coefficient, cosine similarity, and edit-distance. This expands the existing suite of algorithms for set joins on simpler predicates such as, set containment, equality and non-zero overlap. We start with a basic inverted index based probing method and add a sequence of optimizations that result in one to two orders of magnitude improvement in running time. The algorithm folds in a data partitioning strategy that can work efficiently with an index compressed to fit in any available amount of main memory. The optimizations used in our algorithm generalize to several weighted and unweighted measures of partial word overlap between sets.

Question: What is the size of the canadian military?


Simulation of phasor measurement unit (PMU) in MATLAB. The advent of phasor measurement unit in power system is revolutionizing the conventional grid towards smart grid. Phasor measurement units are extremely expensive devices which takes into account many aspects of the power system that are not disclosed by the manufacturer while estimating phasors of currents and voltage. This paper aims to build a laboratory prototype of PMU which can estimate the phasor updating process of a commercial PMU at the benefit of improved measurement accuracy, reduced manufacturing cost and increased timely information.

Question: How to build a PMU in MATLAB?


EL-GAN: Embedding Loss Driven Generative Adversarial Networks for Lane Detection. Convolutional neural networks have been successfully applied to semantic segmentation problems. However, there are many problems that are inherently not pixel-wise classification problems but are nevertheless frequently formulated as semantic segmentation. This ill-posed formulation consequently necessitates hand-crafted scenario-specific and computationally expensive post-processing methods to convert the per pixel probability maps to final desired outputs. Generative adversarial networks (GANs) can be used to make the semantic segmentation network output to be more realistic or better structure-preserving, decreasing the dependency on potentially complex post-processing. In this work, we propose EL-GAN: a GAN framework to mitigate the discussed problem using an embedding loss. With EL-GAN, we discriminate based on learned embeddings of both the labels and the prediction at the same time. This results in much more stable training due to having better discriminative information, benefiting from seeing both 'fake' and 'real' predictions at the same time. This substantially stabilizes the adversarial training process. We use the TuSimple lane marking challenge to demonstrate that with our proposed framework it is viable to overcome the inherent anomalies of posing it as a semantic segmentation problem. Not only is the output considerably more similar to the labels when compared to conventional methods, the subsequent post-processing is also simpler and crosses the competitive 96% accuracy threshold.

Question: What is the TuSimple lane marking challenge?


Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria parasites.. Malaria presents a diagnostic challenge to laboratories in most countries. Endemic malaria, population movements, and travelers all contribute to presenting the laboratory with diagnostic problems for which it may have little expertise available. Drug resistance and genetic variation has altered many accepted morphological appearances of malaria species, and new technology has given an opportunity to review available procedures. Concurrently the World Health Organization has opened a dialogue with scientists, clinicians, and manufacturers on the realistic possibilities for developing accurate, sensitive, and cost-effective rapid diagnostic tests for malaria, capable of detecting 100 parasites/microl from all species and with a semiquantitative measurement for monitoring successful drug treatment. New technology has to be compared with an accepted "gold standard" that makes comparisons of sensitivity and specificity between different methods. The majority of malaria is found in countries where cost-effectiveness is an important factor and ease of performance and training is a major consideration. Most new technology for malaria diagnosis incorporates immunochromatographic capture procedures, with conjugated monoclonal antibodies providing the indicator of infection. Preferred targeted antigens are those which are abundant in all asexual and sexual stages of the parasite and are currently centered on detection of HRP-2 from Plasmodium falciparum and parasite-specific lactate dehydrogenase or Plasmodium aldolase from the parasite glycolytic pathway found in all species. Clinical studies allow effective comparisons between different formats, and the reality of nonmicroscopic diagnoses of malaria is considered.

Question: What is the gold standard for malaria diagnosis?


Rational Protocol Design: Cryptography against Incentive-Driven Adversaries. Existing work on "rational cryptographic protocols" treats each party (or coalition of parties) running the protocol as a selfish agent trying to maximize its utility. In this work we propose a fundamentally different approach that is better suited to modeling a protocol under attack from an external entity. Specifically, we consider a two-party game between an protocol designer and an external attacker. The goal of the attacker is to break security properties such as correctness or privacy, possibly by corrupting protocol participants; the goal of the protocol designer is to prevent the attacker from succeeding. We lay the theoretical groundwork for a study of cryptographic protocol design in this setting by providing a methodology for defining the problem within the traditional simulation paradigm. Our framework provides ways of reasoning about important cryptographic concepts (e.g., adaptive corruptions or attacks on communication resources) not handled by previous game-theoretic treatments of cryptography. We also prove composition theorems that-for the first time-provide a sound way to design rational protocols assuming "ideal communication resources" (such as broadcast or authenticated channels) and then instantiate these resources using standard cryptographic tools. Finally, we investigate the problem of secure function evaluation in our framework, where the attacker has to pay for each party it corrupts. Our results demonstrate how knowledge of the attacker's incentives can be used to circumvent known impossibility results in this setting.

Question: What is the rational protocol design?


The neural basis of rationalization: cognitive dissonance reduction during decision-making.. People rationalize the choices they make when confronted with difficult decisions by claiming they never wanted the option they did not choose. Behavioral studies on cognitive dissonance provide evidence for decision-induced attitude change, but these studies cannot fully uncover the mechanisms driving the attitude change because only pre- and post-decision attitudes are measured, rather than the process of change itself. In the first fMRI study to examine the decision phase in a decision-based cognitive dissonance paradigm, we observed that increased activity in right-inferior frontal gyrus, medial fronto-parietal regions and ventral striatum, and decreased activity in anterior insula were associated with subsequent decision-related attitude change. These findings suggest the characteristic rationalization processes that are associated with decision-making may be engaged very quickly at the moment of the decision, without extended deliberation and may involve reappraisal-like emotion regulation processes.

Question: What is the neural basis of rationalization?


Employee Engagement From a Self-Determination Theory Perspective. Macey and Schneider (2008) draw on numerous theories to explain what engagement is and how it is similar to and different from related constructs in the organizational behavior literature. As a result, we now have a better understanding of some of the key ''components'' of engagement. What appears to be missing, however, is a strong unifying theory to guide research and practice. We believe that such a theory exists in the form of self-determination theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985; Ryan & Deci, 2000) and its various corollaries, self-concordance theory (SCT; Sheldon & Elliot, 1999), hierarchical theory (Vallerand, 1997), and passion theory (Vallerand et al., 2003). Although Macey and Schneider acknowledged the relevance of SDT and SCT, we believe that much greater use of these theories could be made to justify and extend their conceptual model.

Question: What is the difference between self-determination theory and self-concordance theory?


IT Security Governance: A Framework based on ISO 38500. ISO 38500 is an international standard for IT governance. The guidelines of ISO 38500 can also be applied at the IT security functional level in order to guide the governance of IT security. This paper proposes the use of a strategic information security management (ISM) framework to implement guidelines of ISO 38500. This approach provides several strategic advantages to the organization by 1) aligning IT security initiatives to business strategy; 2) providing a mechanism for establishing and tracking security metrics; and 3) enhancing the overall maturity of business, IT and IT security processes. The framework also leverages tools such as COBIT, the Balanced Scorecard and SSE-CMM in order to implement IT security governance and continuous improvement practices. Using extant literature, this paper identifies certain challenges and solutions with respect to the governance of IT security. For practitioners, it highlights relevant links between principles of ISO 38500 and IT governance, provides an over-arching contextual framework to drive IT security governance, and demonstrates mitigation solutions for IT security governance challenges. For academics, the paper makes theoretical contributions, by relating IT security governance to business strategy and proposing that firms develop dynamic governance capabilities (Pavlou and El Sawy, 2010) or organizational learning ladders (Ciborra and Andreu, 2010).

Question: What is the difference between ISO 38500 and IT governance?


An Evaluation of Aggregation Techniques in Crowdsourcing. As the volumes of AI problems involving human knowledge are likely to soar, crowdsourcing has become essential in a wide range of world-wide-web applications. One of the biggest challenges of crowdsourcing is aggregating the answers collected from the crowd since the workers might have wide-ranging levels of expertise. In order to tackle this challenge, many aggregation techniques have been proposed. These techniques, however, have never been compared and analyzed under the same setting, rendering a 'right' choice for a particular application very difficult. Addressing this problem, this paper presents a benchmark that offers a comprehensive empirical study on the performance comparison of the aggregation techniques. Specifically, we integrated several stateof-the-art methods in a comparable manner, and measured various performance metrics with our benchmark, including computation time, accuracy, robustness to spammers, and adaptivity to multi-labeling. We then provide in-depth analysis of benchmarking results, obtained by simulating the crowdsourcing process with different types of workers. We believe that the findings from the benchmark will be able to serve as a practical guideline for crowdsourcing applications.

Question: What is the right aggregation technique for crowdsourcing?


Percutaneous interventions for left atrial appendage exclusion: options, assessment, and imaging using 2D and 3D echocardiography.. Percutaneous left atrial appendage (LAA) exclusion is an evolving treatment to prevent embolic events in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. In the past few years multiple percutaneous devices have been developed to exclude the LAA from the body of the left atrium and thus from the systemic circulation. Two- and 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is used to assess the LAA anatomy and its suitability for percutaneous closure to select the type and size of the closure device and to guide the device implantation procedure in conjunction with fluoroscopy. In addition, 2- and 3-dimensional TEE is also used to assess the effectiveness of device implantation acutely and on subsequent follow-up examination. Knowledge of the implantation options that are currently available along with their specific characteristics is essential for choosing the appropriate device for a given patient with a specific LAA anatomy. We present the currently available LAA exclusion devices and the echocardiographic imaging approaches for evaluation of the LAA before, during, and after LAA occlusion.

Question: What is the difference between a percutaneous and a surgical procedure?


Reading and Writing as a Creative Cycle: the Need for a Computational Model. The field of computational narratology has produced many efforts aimed at generating narrative by computational means. In recent times, a number of such efforts have considered the task of modelling how a reader might consume the story. Whereas all these approaches are clearly different aspects of the task of generating narrative, so far the efforts to model them have occurred as separate and disjoint initiatives. There is an enormous potential for improvement if a way was found to combine results from these initiatives with one another. The present position paper provides a breakdown of the activity of creating stories into five stages that are conceptually different from a computational point of view and represent important aspects of the overall process as observed either in humans or in existing systems. These stages include a feedback loop that builds interpretations of an ongoing composition and provides feedback based on these to inform the composition process. This model provides a theoretical framework that can be employed first to understand how the various aspects of the task of generating narrative relate to one another, second to identify which of these aspects are being addressed by the different existing research efforts, and finally to point the way towards possible integrations of these aspects within progressively more complex systems.

Question: What is a computational model of reading and writing?


Seeing Behind the Camera: Identifying the Authorship of a Photograph. We introduce the novel problem of identifying the photographer behind a photograph. To explore the feasibility of current computer vision techniques to address this problem, we created a new dataset of over 180,000 images taken by 41 well-known photographers. Using this dataset, we examined the effectiveness of a variety of features (low and high-level, including CNN features) at identifying the photographer. We also trained a new deep convolutional neural network for this task. Our results show that high-level features greatly outperform low-level features. We provide qualitative results using these learned models that give insight into our method's ability to distinguish between photographers, and allow us to draw interesting conclusions about what specific photographers shoot. We also demonstrate two applications of our method.

Question: How to identify the photographer of a photograph?


Semantic annotation in historical documents. This paper presents an approach to proceed with semantic annotation in historical documents from the 19th century that discuss the constitution of the mother language, the Portuguese Language in Brazil. The objective is to generate a group of semantically annotated documents in agreement with a domain ontology. To provide this domain ontology, the Linguistic Instrument Ontology was employed, and it supported the process of automatic semantic annotation. The results obtained with the annotation were analyzed in comparison with the Gold Standard and they presented an elevated level of coincidence, between 0.86 and 1.00 for the F1-score measure. Besides that, it was possible to locate new documents about the discussed domain in a sample of the Revistas Brazileiras. These results prove the efficacy of the approach of automatic semantic annotation.

Question: What is the mother language of the Portuguese language?


The discrete wavelet transform: wedding the a trous and Mallat algorithms.

Question: What is the discrete wavelet transform?


Methodology of band rejection / addition for microstrip antennas design using slot line theory and current distribution analysis. Radio or wireless communication means to transfer information over long distance without using any wires. Millions of people exchange information every day using pager, cellular, telephones, laptops, various types of personal digital assistance (PDAs) and other wireless communication products. The worldwide interoperability for microwave access (Wi-Max) aims to provide wireless data over a long distance in variety of ways. It was based on IEEE 802.16 standard. It is an effective metropolitan area access technique with many favorable features like flexibility, cost, efficiency and fast networking, which not only provides wireless access, but also serves to expand the access to wired network. The coverage area of Wi-Max is around 30-50 km. it can provide high 100 Mbps data rates in 20 MHz bandwidth on fixed and nomadic applications in the 2-11 GHz frequencies. In this paper, a methodology of band rejection/addition for microstrip antennas design using slot line theory and current distribution analysis has been introduced and analyzed. The analysis and design are done by a commercial software. The radiation characteristics, such as; return loss, VSWR, input impedance, and the surface current densities have been introduced and discussed. Finally, the proposed optimum antenna design structure has been fabricated and the measured S-parameters of the proposed structure can be analyzed with network analyzer and compared with simulation results to demonstrate the excellent performance and meet the requirements for wireless communication applications.

Question: What is the difference between a microstrip antenna and a slot antenna?


Detection of non-flat ground surfaces using V-Disparity images. Ground plane detection plays an important role in stereo vision based obstacle detection methods. Recently, V-Disparity image has been widely used for ground plane detection. The existing approach based on V-Disparity image can detect flat ground successfully but have difficulty in detecting non-flat ground. In this paper, we discuss the representation of non-flat ground in V-Disparity image, based on which we propose a method to detect non-flat ground using V-Disparity image.

Question: How to detect non-flat ground using V-Disparity image?


Segmenting Salient Objects from Images and Videos. In this paper we introduce a new salient object segmentation method, which is based on combining a saliency measure with a conditional random field (CRF) model. The proposed saliency measure is formulated using a statistical framework and local feature contrast in illumination, color, and motion information. The resulting saliency map is then used in a CRF model to define an energy minimization based segmentation approach, which aims to recover well-defined salient objects. The method is efficiently implemented by using the integral histogram approach and graph cut solvers. Compared to previous approaches the introduced method is among the few which are applicable to both still images and videos including motion cues. The experiments show that our approach outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods in both qualitative and quantitative terms.

Question: How to segment salient objects from images and videos?


The influence of chronotype and intelligence on academic achievement in primary school is mediated by conscientiousness, midpoint of sleep and motivation.. Individuals differ in their timing of sleep (bed times, rise times) and in their preference for morning or evening hours. Previous work focused on the relationship between academic achievement and these variables in secondary school students. The main aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between chronotype and academic achievement in 10-year-old children (n = 1125) attending 4th grade of primary school. They filled a cognitive test (Culture Fair Intelligence Test, CFT 20-R) and questions about rise times and bed times, academic achievement, conscientiousness and motivation. We used the "scales for the assessment of learning and performance motivation" (SELLMO; Skalen zur Erfassung der Lern- und Leistungsmotivation for motivation), the short version of the Five-Factor Personality Inventory Children (FFPI-C) to measure conscientiousness, and the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) to assess morningness-eveningness. Mean CSM score was 37.84 ± 6.66, midpoint of sleep was 1:36 ± 00:25 and average sleep duration (time in bed) was 10:15 ± 0:48. Morningness orientation was positively related to intelligence, conscientiousness and learning objectives. Eveningness orientation was related to avoidance performance objectives and work avoidance. Early midpoint of sleep, conscientiousness and intelligence were associated with better grades. The multivariate model showed that intelligence was the strongest predictor of good grades. Conscientiousness, motivation, younger age and an earlier midpoint of sleep were positively related to good grades. This is the first study in primary school pupils, and it shows that the relationship between evening orientation and academic achievement is already prevalent at this age even when controlling for important predictors of achievement.

Question: What is the relationship between chronotype and academic achievement in primary school?


Fourier Analysis for Demand Forecasting in a Fashion Company. In the fashion industry, demand forecasting is particularly complex: companies operate with a large variety of short lifecycle products, deeply influenced by seasonal sales, promotional events, weather conditions, advertising and marketing campaigns, on top of festivities and socio-economic factors. At the same time, shelf-out-of-stock phenomena must be avoided at all costs. Given the strong seasonal nature of the products that characterize the fashion sector, this paper aims to highlight how the Fourier method can represent an easy and more effective forecasting method compared to other widespread heuristics normally used. For this purpose, a comparison between the fast Fourier transform algorithm and another two techniques based on moving average and exponential smoothing was carried out on a set of 4year historical sales data of a €60+ million turnover mediumto large-sized Italian fashion company, which operates in the women's textiles apparel and clothing sectors. The entire analysis was performed on a common spreadsheet, in order to demonstrate that accurate results exploiting advanced numerical computation techniques can be carried out without necessarily using expensive software.

Question: What is the Fourier method?


Improvement of the on-body performance of a dual-band textile antenna using an EBG structure. A new dual-band wearable textile antenna designed for body-centric communications is introduced. The antenna is fully characterized in free space and on the body model, with and without an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) substrate. The band gap array consists of 3 × 3 elements and is used to reduce the interaction with human tissues. With the EBG back reflector, the radiation into the body is reduced by more than 15 dB. Increases of 5.2 dB and 3 dB gain are noticed at 2.45 GHz and 5.5 GHz, respectively. The results are presented for the return loss, radiation pattern, efficiency, and specific absorption rate (SAR).

Question: How to improve the on-body performance of a dual-band textile antenna using an EBG structure?


Prediction of Yelp Review Star Rating using Sentiment Analysis. Yelp aims to help people find great local businesses, e.g. restaurants. Automated software is currently used to recommend the most helpful and reliable reviews for the Yelp community, based on various measures of quality, reliability, and activity. However, this is not tailored to each customer. Our goal in this project is to apply machine learning to predict a customer's star rating of a restaurant based on his/her reviews, as well as other customers' reviews/ratings, to recommend other restaurants to the customer, as shown in Figure 1.

Question: How to predict a star rating using sentiment analysis?


A new hybrid imperialist swarm-based optimization algorithm for university timetabling problems.

Question: What is a university timetabling problem?


Integrated multilayered triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting biomechanical energy from human motions.. We demonstrate a new flexible multilayered triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with extremely low cost, simple structure, small size (3.8 cm×3.8 cm×0.95 cm) and lightweight (7 g) by innovatively integrating five layers of units on a single flexible substrate. Owing to the unique structure and nanopore-based surface modification on the metal surface, the instantaneous short-circuit current (Isc) and the open-circuit voltage (Voc) could reach 0.66 mA and 215 V with an instantaneous maximum power density of 9.8 mW/cm2 and 10.24 mW/cm3. This is the first 3D integrated TENG for enhancing the output power. Triggered by press from normal walking, the TENG attached onto a shoe pad was able to instantaneously drive multiple commercial LED bulbs. With the flexible structure, the TENG can be further integrated into clothes or even attached onto human body without introducing sensible obstruction and discomfort to human motions. The novel design of TENG demonstrated here can be applied to potentially achieve self-powered portable electronics.

Question: What is the first large-scale Canadian peacekeeping mission?


An investigation into the applicability of building information models in geospatial environment in support of site selection and fire response management processes. 1474-0346/$ see front matter 2008 Elsevier Ltd. A doi:10.1016/j.aei.2008.06.001 * Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 312 266 00 5 (U. Isikdag); tel.: +44 161 295 62 90; fax: +44 016 tel.: +44 0161 295 4992; fax: +44 0161 295 3173 (G. E-mail addresses: egetera@superonline.com, uisik j.underwood@salford.ac.uk (J. Underwood), g.aoauad@ Some tasks in the construction industry and urban management field such as site selection and fire response management are usually managed by using a Geographical Information System (GIS), as the tasks in these processes require a high level and amount of integrated geospatial information. Recently, a key element of this integrated geospatial information to emerge is detailed geometrical and semantic information about buildings. In parallel, Building Information Models (BIMs) of today have the capacity for storing and representing such detailed geometrical and semantic information. In this context, the research aimed to investigate the applicability of BIMs in geospatial environment by focusing specifically on these two domains; site selection and fire response management. In the first phase of the research two use case scenarios were developed in order to understand the processes in these domains in a more detailed manner and to establish the scope of a possible software development for transferring information from BIMs into the geospatial environment. In the following phase of the research two data models were developed – a Schema-Level Model View and a geospatial data model. The Schema-Level Model View was used in simplifying the information acquired from the BIM, while the geospatial data model acted as the template for creating physical files and databases in the geospatial environment. Following this, three software components to transfer building information into the ge

Question: What is the scope of a possible software development for transferring information from BIMs into the geospatial environment?


Happiness Runs in a Circular Motion : Evidence for a Positive Feedback Loop between Prosocial Spending and Happiness. We examine whether a positive feedback loop exists between spending money on others (i.e. prosocial spending) and happiness. Participants recalled a previous purchase made for either themselves or someone else and then reported their happiness. Afterward, participants chose whether to spend a monetary windfall on themselves or someone else. Participants assigned to recall a purchase made for someone else reported feeling significantly happier immediately after this recollection; most importantly, the happier participants felt, the more likely they were to choose to spend a windfall on someone else in the near future. Thus, by providing initial evidence for a positive feedback loop between prosocial spending and well-being, these data offer one potential path to sustainable happiness: prosocial spending increases happiness which in turn encourages prosocial spending.

Question: What is the evidence for a positive feedback loop between prosocial spending and happiness?


Web Mining Techniques in E-Commerce Applications. Today web is the best medium of communication in modern business. Many companies are redefining their business strategies to improve the business output. Business over internet provides the opportunity to customers and partners where their products and specific business can be found. Nowadays online business breaks the barrier of time and space as compared to the physical office. Big companies around the world are realizing that e-commerce is not just buying and selling over Internet, rather it improves the efficiency to compete with other giants in the market. For this purpose data mining sometimes called as knowledge discovery is used. Web mining is data mining technique that is applied to the WWW. There are vast quantities of information available over the Internet.

Question: What is web mining?


Evaluating data storage structures of MapReduce. MapReduce framework and its open-source implementation Hadoop, a scalable and fault-tolerant infrastructure for big data analysis on large clusters, can achieve different performance with different data storage structures. This paper evaluates the performance about three kinds of data storage structures of MapReduce, namely row-store, column-store, and RCFile. The evaluating experiments are designed to test three data storage structures in terms of data loading time, data storage space, and query execution time. The experimental results show that RCFile data storage structure can achieve better performance in most cases.

Question: What is the data storage structure of mapreduce?


Testing predictions from personality neuroscience. Brain structure and the big five.. We used a new theory of the biological basis of the Big Five personality traits to generate hypotheses about the association of each trait with the volume of different brain regions. Controlling for age, sex, and whole-brain volume, results from structural magnetic resonance imaging of 116 healthy adults supported our hypotheses for four of the five traits: Extraversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Extraversion covaried with volume of medial orbitofrontal cortex, a brain region involved in processing reward information. Neuroticism covaried with volume of brain regions associated with threat, punishment, and negative affect. Agreeableness covaried with volume in regions that process information about the intentions and mental states of other individuals. Conscientiousness covaried with volume in lateral prefrontal cortex, a region involved in planning and the voluntary control of behavior. These findings support our biologically based, explanatory model of the Big Five and demonstrate the potential of personality neuroscience (i.e., the systematic study of individual differences in personality using neuroscience methods) as a discipline.

Question: What is the biological basis of the big five personality traits?


A compact 2.45 GHz, low power wireless energy harvester with a reflector-backed folded dipole rectenna. This paper paper describes the design procedure as well as the experimental performance of a 2.45GHz 10 μW wireless energy harvester (WEH) with a maximum total efficiency of ≈ 30% at 1 μW/cm2 incident power density. The WEH integrates a shunt high-speed rectifying diode with a folded dipole. A metal reflector increases the gain of the rectenna and a quarter wavelength differential line is used as a choke. Both a VDI WVD and a Skyworks GaAs Schottky diode are integrated with the antenna and their performance is compared.

Question: What is a rectenna?


An 8.3 nW −72 dBm event driven IoE wake up receiver RF front end. This work presents an ultra-low power event driven wake-up receiver (WuRx) fabricated in a RF CMOS 130 nm process. The receiver consists of an off-chip lumped element matching network, an envelope detector, a decision circuit capable of detecting sub-mV baseband signal voltages and a clock source consuming 1.3 nW. This receiver has demonstrated a sensitivity of −72 dBm while consuming a total of 8.3 nW from 1 V and 0.65 V sources.

Question: What is an ultra-low power event driven wake-up receiver?


Automatic detection and rapid determination of earthquake magnitude by wavelet multiscale analysis of the primary arrival. Earthquake early warning systems must save lives. It is of great importance that networked systems of seismometers be equipped with reliable tools to make rapid determinations of earthquake magnitude in the few to tens of seconds before the damaging ground motion occurs. A new fully automated algorithm based on the discrete wavelet transform detects as well as analyzes the incoming first arrival with great accuracy and precision, estimating the final magnitude to within a single unit from the first few seconds of the P wave. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Question: What is the first arrival?


Automating the Design of Graphical Presentations of Relational Information. The goal of the research described in this paper is to develop an application-independent presentation tool that automatically designs effective graphical presentations (such as bar charts, scatter plots, and connected graphs) of relational information. Two problems are raised by this goal: The codification of graphic design criteria in a form that can be used by the presentation tool, and the generation of a wide variety of designs so that the presentation tool can accommodate a wide variety of information. The approach described in this paper is based on the view that graphical presentations are sentences of graphical languages. The graphic design issues are codified as expressiveness and effectiveness criteria for graphical languages. Expressiveness criteria determine whether a graphical language can express the desired information. Effectiveness criteria determine whether a graphical language exploits the capabilities of the output medium and the human visual system. A wide variety of designs can be systematically generated by using a composition algebra that composes a small set of primitive graphical languages. Artificial intelligence techniques are used to implement a prototype presentation tool called APT (A Presentation Tool), which is based on the composition algebra and the graphic design criteria.

Question: How to design a graph?


Aspect Extraction Performance with POS Tag Pattern of Dependency Relation in Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis. The most important task in aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) is the aspect and sentiment word extraction. It is a challenge to identify and extract each aspect and it specific associated sentiment word correctly in the review sentence that consists of multiple aspects with various polarities expressed for multiple sentiments. By exploiting the dependency relation between words in a review, the multiple aspects and its corresponding sentiment can be identified. However, not all types of dependency relation patterns are able to extract candidate aspect and sentiment word pairs. In this paper, a preliminary study was performed on the performance of different type of dependency relation with different POS tag patterns in pre-extracting candidate aspect from customer review. The result contributes to the identification of the specific type dependency relation with it POS tag pattern that lead to high aspect extraction performance. The combination of these dependency relations offers a solution for single aspect single sentiment and multi aspect multi sentiment cases.

Question: What is the performance of aspect extraction with different dependency relation patterns?


MARKETING AND THE INTERNET : A RESEARCH REVIEW. This paper reviews the research to-date on how the Internet is impacting marketing. It focuses mainly on academic research published in US journals, but includes selected material from other sources. It covers internet adoption and usage; online purchasing behavior; internet advertising; internet economics and pricing; channels and intermediaries and online marketing strategy. The final section gives overall conclusions and briefly lists some opportunities for future research. Contrary to earlier hype, the Internet does not change the fundamental principles of marketing. Nor has its impact to-date – e.g. on consumer behavior, advertising, pricing, channels, intermediaries, strategy and globalization – been anything like as dramatic as predicted. Nevertheless, it has already had some effect on all of these areas. For instance, it is emerging as a flexible, fast-growing advertising medium and as a significant direct channel in many markets (PCs, books, music, travel, and even cars). It has led to some reduction in average prices and in price dispersion. It is bringing into the mainstream previously exotic business models such as auctions, electronic markets, and brand communities. Most of its successes have come from established businesses with 'bricks and clicks' strategies which use the Internet to supplement existing activities but rarely to generate much direct revenue We expect its impact to increase steadily over the next ten years, as the technology improves, its availability and usage continue to grow, and businesses learn better how to use it within their wider marketing strategy. Earlier expectations about the Internet were so overblown that the reality was bound to disappoint. But by any normal standards, it is a fast-growing young medium with wide-ranging effects across the whole marketing spectrum.

Question: What is the impact of the internet on marketing?


A longitudinal study of follow predictors on twitter. Follower count is important to Twitter users: it can indicate popularity and prestige. Yet, holistically, little is understood about what factors -- like social behavior, message content, and network structure - lead to more followers. Such information could help technologists design and build tools that help users grow their audiences. In this paper, we study 507 Twitter users and a half-million of their tweets over 15 months. Marrying a longitudinal approach with a negative binomial auto-regression model, we find that variables for message content, social behavior, and network structure should be given equal consideration when predicting link formations on Twitter. To our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal study of follow predictors, and the first to show that the relative contributions of social behavior and mes-sage content are just as impactful as factors related to social network structure for predicting growth of online social networks. We conclude with practical and theoretical implications for designing social media technologies.

Question: What is the first longitudinal study of follow predictors?


Modelling of IoT Traffic and Its Impact on LoRaWAN. The recent growth of IoT use-cases in a wide array of industrial, utility and environmental applications has necessitated the need for connectivity solutions with diverse requirements. Connectivity through BLE, Zigbee and 6LoPAN are examples of short-range IoT deployments. But to provide connectivity to a high density of devices over larger coverage areas, Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies in both licensed as well as unlicensed bands have been considered. In this paper, we consider modelling the traffic from IoT devices connected through LPWAN technologies. Due to diverse applications of IoT, it is not trivial to have a single traffic model to represent all of them, but the traffic can be broadly classified as either periodic, event-triggered, or a combination of both. We evaluate the performance of LoRaWAN, one such LPWAN technology, in the presence of a hybrid of both traffic types, where the event propagates spatially over time. In a practical deployment of sensor based IoT devices, the devices are usually densely deployed to ensure sufficient & reliable measurement. Thereby, when an event occurs, they exhibit spatial & temporal correlation in their traffic rate due to the natural phenomena of the metric they measure. We use the CMMPP model to represent such characteristic traffic from independent IoT devices triggered by an event. The characteristics of LoRa, the physical layer of LoRaWAN, is abstracted based on required signal strength and interference thresholds for different modulation parameters. Through system simulations, we demonstrate that there is a significant performance hit in LoRaWAN based networks, during the occurrence of events. In particular, using the packet delivery rate (PDR) as the metric, we found that while the system was able to handle regular updates from the devices with a PDR > 80%, event-driven traffic nearly impaired the network causing the PDR to drop below 10%.

Question: What is the impact of IoT on LoRaWAN?


An Analysis on a Dynamic Amplifier and Calibration Methods for a Pseudo-Differential Dynamic Comparator. This paper analyzes a pseudo-differential dynamic comparator with a dynamic pre-amplifier. The transient gain of a dynamic preamplifier is derived and applied to equations of the thermal noise and the regeneration time of a comparator. This analysis enhances understanding of the roles of transistor's parameters in pre-amplifier's gain. Based on the calculated gain, two calibration methods are also analyzed. One is calibration of a load capacitance and the other is calibration of a bypass current. The analysis helps designers' estimation for the accuracy of calibration, dead-zone of a comparator with a calibration circuit, and the influence of PVT variation. The analyzed comparator uses 90-nm CMOS technology as an example and each estimation is compared with simulation results. key words: dynamic amplifier, dynamic comparator, load capacitance, bypass current, calibration, and PVT variation

Question: What is a dynamic amplifier?


A Simple Steganography Algorithm Based on Lossless Compression Technique in WSN. Image security has wide applications in data transferring from source to destination system. However, cryptography is a data secrecy technique between sender and receiver, the steganography increases the level of security and acts a protective layer to the hidden information within the source image. In this paper, a compression scheme based image security algorithm for wireless sensor network is proposed to hide a secret color image within the source color image. The main contribution of this paper is to propose a compression scheme which is based on level matrix and integer matrix, and increases the compression level significantly. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated in terms of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), mean square error (MSE), number of pixels change rate (NPCR) and unified average changing intensity (UACI). The proposed method achieves 42.65% PSNR, 27.16% MSE, 99.9% NPCR and 30.99% UACI.

Question: What is a steganography algorithm?


Multi-target tracking by learning local-to-global trajectory models. The multi-target tracking problem is challenging when there exist occlusions, tracking failures of the detector and severe interferences between detections. In this paper, we propose a novel detection based tracking method that links detections into tracklets and further forms long trajectories. Unlike many previous hierarchical frameworks which split the data association into two separate optimization problems (linking detections locally and linking tracklets globally), we introduce a unified algorithm that can automatically relearn the trajectory models from the local and global information for finding the joint optimal assignment. In each temporal window, the trajectory models are initialized by the local information to link those easy-to-connect detections into a set of tracklets. Then the trajectory models are updated by the reliable tracklets and reused to link separated tracklets into long trajectories. We iteratively update the trajectory models by more information from more frames until the result converges. The iterative process gradually improves the accuracy of the trajectory models, which in turn improves the target ID inferences for all detections by the MRF model. Experiment results revealed that our proposed method achieved state-of-the-art multi-target tracking performance. Crown Copyright & 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Question: How to track multiple targets in a video?


Orthogonal matching pursuit: recursive function approximation with applications to wavelet decomposition. where fk is the current approximation, and Rk f the current residual (error). Using initial values of Ro f = f , fo = 0, and k = 1 , the M P algorithm is comprised of the following steps, In this paper we describe a recursive algorithm to compute representations of functions with respect to nonorthogonal and possibly overcomplete dictionaries (I) Compute the inner-products {(Rkf, Zn)},. of elementary building blocks e.g. affine (wavelet) frames. We propose a modification to the Matching Pursuit algorithm of Mallat and Zhang (1992) that maintains full backward orthogonality of the residual convergence. We refer to this modified algorithm as Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP). It is shown that all additional computation required for the OMP algorithm may be performed recursively. (11) Find nktl such that (error) at every step and thereby leads to improved I ( R k f , 'nk+I) l 2 asYp I(Rkf, zj)I 1

Question: What is the difference between the OMP algorithm and the Matching Pursuit algorithm?


From Event Detection to Storytelling on Microblogs Janani Kalyanam. The problem of detecting events from content published on microblogs has garnered much interest in recent times. In this paper, we address the questions of what happens after the outbreak of an event in terms of how the event gradually progresses and attains each of its milestones, and how it eventually dissipates. We propose a model based approach to capture the gradual unfolding of an event over time. This enables the model to automatically produce entire timeline trajectories of events from the time of their outbreak to their disappearance. We apply our model on the Twitter messages collected about Ebola during the 2014 outbreak and obtain the progression timelines of several events that occurred during the outbreak. We also compare our model to several existing topic modeling and event detection baselines in literature to demonstrate its efficiency.

Question: What is the problem of detecting events from content published on microblogs?


LSTM-CF: Unifying Context Modeling and Fusion with LSTMs for RGB-D Scene Labeling. Our model achieves the state-of-the-art performance on SUNRGBD, NYUdepth v2. It can be leveraged to improve the groundtruth annotations of newly captured 3943 RGB-D images in the SUNRGBD dataset. 2.2% improvement over previous state-of-the-art average accuracy and best on 15 categories Photometric data is vital for scene labeling while depth is an auxiliary information source. LSMT-CF model is important for fusing context features from different sources.

Question: What is the state-of-the-art average accuracy on the SUNRGBD dataset?


Bayesian Reinforcement Learning in Factored POMDPs. Bayesian approaches provide a principled solution to the explorationexploitation trade-off in Reinforcement Learning. Typical approaches, however, either assume a fully observable environment or scale poorly. This work introduces the Factored Bayes-Adaptive POMDP model, a framework that is able to exploit the underlying structure while learning the dynamics in partially observable systems. We also present a belief tracking method to approximate the joint posterior over state and model variables, and an adaptation of the Monte-Carlo Tree Search solution method, which together are capable of solving the underlying problem near-optimally. Our method is able to learn efficiently given a known factorization or also learn the factorization and the model parameters at the same time. We demonstrate that this approach is able to outperform current methods and tackle problems that were previously infeasible.

Question: What is the Bayesian Reinforcement Learning?


An introduction to ROC analysis. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) graphs are useful for organizing classifiers and visualizing their performance. ROC graphs are commonly used in medical decision making, and in recent years have been used increasingly in machine learning and data mining research. Although ROC graphs are apparently simple, there are some common misconceptions and pitfalls when using them in practice. The purpose of this article is to serve as an introduction to ROC graphs and as a guide for using them in research. 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Question: What is ROC analysis?


Deep LSTM based Feature Mapping for Query Classification. Traditional convolutional neural network (CNN) based query classification uses linear feature mapping in its convolution operation. The recurrent neural network (RNN), differs from a CNN in representing word sequence with their ordering information kept explicitly. We propose using a deep long-short-term-memory (DLSTM) based feature mapping to learn feature representation for CNN. The DLSTM, which is a stack of LSTM units, has different order of feature representations at different depth of LSTM unit. The bottom LSTM unit equipped with input and output gates, extracts the first order feature representation from current word. To extract higher order nonlinear feature representation, the LSTM unit at higher position gets input from two parts. First part is the lower LSTM unit's memory cell from previous word. Second part is the lower LSTM unit's hidden output from current word. In this way, the DLSTM captures the nonlinear nonconsecutive interaction within n-grams. Using an architecture that combines a stack of the DLSTM layers with a tradition CNN layer, we have observed new state-of-the-art query classification accuracy on benchmark data sets for query classification.

Question: What is the difference between a CNN and a RNN?


Node Classification in Signed Social Networks. Node classification in social networks has been proven to be useful in many real-world applications. The vast majority of existing algorithms focus on unsigned social networks (or social networks with only positive links), while little work exists for signed social networks. It is evident from recent developments in signed social network analysis that negative links have added value over positive links. Therefore, the incorporation of negative links has the potential to benefit various analytical tasks. In this paper, we study the novel problem of node classification in signed social networks. We provide a principled way to mathematically model positive and negative links simultaneously and propose a novel framework NCSSN for node classification in signed social networks. Experimental results on real-world signed social network datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework NCSSN. Further experiments are conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the importance of negative links for NCSSN.

Question: What is the difference between positive and negative links?


HellRank: a Hellinger-based centrality measure for bipartite social networks. Measuring centrality in a social network, especially in bipartite mode, poses many challenges, for example, the requirement of full knowledge of the network topology, and the lack of properly detecting top-k behavioral representative users. To overcome the above mentioned challenges, we propose HellRank, an accurate centrality measure for identifying central nodes in bipartite social networks. HellRank is based on the Hellinger distance between two nodes on the same side of a bipartite network. We theoretically analyze the impact of this distance on a bipartite network and find upper and lower bounds for it. The computation of the HellRank centrality measure can be distributed, by letting each node uses local information only on its immediate neighbors. Consequently, one does not need a central entity that has full knowledge of the network topological structure. We experimentally evaluate the performance of the HellRank measure in correlation with other centrality measures on real-world networks. The results show partial ranking similarity between the HellRank and the other conventional metrics according to the Kendall and Spearman rank correlation coefficient.

Question: What is the Hellinger distance between two nodes on the same side of a bipartite network?


Nivolumab in previously untreated melanoma without BRAF mutation.. BACKGROUND Nivolumab was associated with higher rates of objective response than chemotherapy in a phase 3 study involving patients with ipilimumab-refractory metastatic melanoma. The use of nivolumab in previously untreated patients with advanced melanoma has not been tested in a phase 3 controlled study.   METHODS We randomly assigned 418 previously untreated patients who had metastatic melanoma without a BRAF mutation to receive nivolumab (at a dose of 3 mg per kilogram of body weight every 2 weeks and dacarbazine-matched placebo every 3 weeks) or dacarbazine (at a dose of 1000 mg per square meter of body-surface area every 3 weeks and nivolumab-matched placebo every 2 weeks). The primary end point was overall survival.   RESULTS At 1 year, the overall rate of survival was 72.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 65.5 to 78.9) in the nivolumab group, as compared with 42.1% (95% CI, 33.0 to 50.9) in the dacarbazine group (hazard ratio for death, 0.42; 99.79% CI, 0.25 to 0.73; P<0.001). The median progression-free survival was 5.1 months in the nivolumab group versus 2.2 months in the dacarbazine group (hazard ratio for death or progression of disease, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.56; P<0.001). The objective response rate was 40.0% (95% CI, 33.3 to 47.0) in the nivolumab group versus 13.9% (95% CI, 9.5 to 19.4) in the dacarbazine group (odds ratio, 4.06; P<0.001). The survival benefit with nivolumab versus dacarbazine was observed across prespecified subgroups, including subgroups defined by status regarding the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Common adverse events associated with nivolumab included fatigue, pruritus, and nausea. Drug-related adverse events of grade 3 or 4 occurred in 11.7% of the patients treated with nivolumab and 17.6% of those treated with dacarbazine.   CONCLUSIONS Nivolumab was associated with significant improvements in overall survival and progression-free survival, as compared wi

Question: What is the difference between nivolumab and dacarbazine?


A high gain multi-port bidirectional non-isolated DC-DC converter for renewable integration. A topology for bidirectional non-isolated multiport DC-DC converter is proposed in this paper. The energy generation from the renewable sources such as wind and solar aie intermittent in nature. A battery port is mandatory for this purpose. Hence, a high gain multiport bidirectional converter for DC micro-grid application with high conversion efficiency, reduced size, and low cost is proposed. The bidirectional power flow capability through a feedback back path to charge a battery from the load capacitor is also provided. Therefore, the battery is not only charged from the input source but also from the load capacitor. The number of outputs are independent from each other and the battery is charged from the second output. Steady state operation and theoretical analysis of the converter proposed is elaborated. To validate the performance and theoretical concepts, it is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink software. The results of simulation verify the appropriate performance of proposed topology.

Question: What is a DC micro-grid?


Computational Intelligence, Networked Systems and Their Applications. This paper presents the metro constant illumination controller, which is designed to solve the current problem that the interior illumination in a moving metro fluctuates drastically with the changes of exterior environment. By detecting the real-time interior illumination values and adjusting the lights in a metro with PID controller based on BP neural network, the controller can keep the metro interior illumination values around the preset value. Simulations and actual test results show that the PID controller based on BP neural network has strong adaptability and robustness in a nonlinear system. It can both save energy and solve the problem of drastically fluctuating illumination in a moving metro, which cannot be achieved in conventional PID controllers.

Question: What is the problem that the interior illumination in a moving metro fluctuates drastically with the changes of exterior environment?


BotCop: An Online Botnet Traffic Classifier. A botnet is a network of compromised computers infected with malicious code that can be controlled remotely under a common command and control (C&C) channel. As one the most serious security threats to the Internet, a botnet cannot only be implemented with existing network applications (e.g. IRC, HTTP, or Peer-to-Peer) but also can be constructed by unknown or creative applications, thus making the botnet detection a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a new online botnet traffic classification system, called BotCop, in which the network traffic are fully classified into different application communities by using payload signatures and a novel decision tree model, and then on each obtained application community, the temporal-frequent characteristic of flows is studied and analyzed to differentiate the malicious communication traffic created by bots from normal traffic generated by human beings. We evaluate our approach with about 30 million flows collected over one day on a large-scale WiFi ISP network and results show that the proposed approach successfully detects an IRC botnet from about 30 million flows with a high detection rate and a low false alarm rate.

Question: What is a botnet?


Truth in Advertising: The Hidden Cost of Mobile Ads for Software Developers. The "free app" distribution model has been extremely popular with end users and developers. Developers use mobile ads to generate revenue and cover the cost of developing these free apps. Although the apps are ostensibly free, they in fact do come with hidden costs. Our study of 21 real world Android apps shows that the use of ads leads to mobile apps that consume significantly more network data, have increased energy consumption, and require repeated changes to ad related code. We also found that complaints about these hidden costs are significant and can impact the ratings given to an app. Our results provide actionable information and guidance to software developers in weighing the tradeoffs of incorporating ads into their mobile apps.

Question: What is the hidden cost of mobile ads for software developers?


Augmenting feature model through customer preference mining by hybrid sentiment analysis. A feature model is an essential tool to identify variability and commonality within a product line of an enterprise, assisting stakeholders to configure product lines and to discover opportunities for reuse. However, the number of product variants needed to satisfy individual customer needs is still an open question, as feature models do not incorporate any direct customer preference information. In this paper, we propose to incorporate customer preference information into feature models using sentiment analysis of user-generated online product reviews. The proposed sentiment analysis method is a hybrid combination of affective lexicons and a rough-set technique. It is able to predict sentence sentiments for individual product features with acceptable accuracy, and thus augment a feature model by integrating positive and negative opinions of the customers. Such opinionated customer preference information is regarded as one attribute of the features, which helps to decide the number of variants needed within a product line. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility and potential of the proposed method via an application case of Kindle Fire HD tablets.

Question: How many product variants are needed to satisfy individual customer needs?


ETS gene fusions in prostate cancer: from discovery to daily clinical practice.. CONTEXT In 2005, fusions between the androgen-regulated transmembrane protease serine 2 gene, TMPRSS2, and E twenty-six (ETS) transcription factors were discovered in prostate cancer.   OBJECTIVE To review advances in our understanding of ETS gene fusions, focusing on challenges affecting translation to clinical application.   EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The PubMed database was searched for reports on ETS fusions in prostate cancer.   EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Since the discovery of ETS fusions, novel 5' and 3' fusion partners and multiple splice isoforms have been reported. The most common fusion, TMPRSS2:ERG, is present in approximately 50% of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-screened localized prostate cancers and in 15-35% of population-based cohorts. ETS fusions can be detected noninvasively in the urine of men with prostate cancer, with a specificity rate in PSA-screened cohorts of >90%. Reports from untreated population-based cohorts suggest an association between ETS fusions and cancer-specific death and metastatic spread. In retrospective prostatectomy cohorts, conflicting results have been published regarding associations between ETS fusions and cancer aggressiveness. In addition to serving as a potential biomarker, tissue and functional studies suggest a specific role for ETS fusions in the transition to carcinoma. Finally, recent results suggest that the 5' and 3' ends of ETS fusions as well as downstream targets may be targeted therapeutically.   CONCLUSIONS Recent studies suggest that the first clinical applications of ETS fusions are likely to be in noninvasive detection of prostate cancer and in aiding with difficult diagnostic cases. Additional studies are needed to clarify the association between gene fusions and cancer aggressiveness, particularly those studies that take into account the multifocal and heterogeneous nature of localized prostate cancer. Multiple promising strategies

Question: What is the difference between a gene fusion and a translocation?


Human-level intelligence or animal-like abilities?. What just happened in artificial intelligence and how it is being misunderstood.

Question: What just happened in artificial intelligence and how it is being misunderstood.


SensoTube: A Scalable Hardware Design Architecture for Wireless Sensors and Actuators Networks Nodes in the Agricultural Domain. Wireless Sensor and Actuators Networks (WSANs) constitute one of the most challenging technologies with tremendous socio-economic impact for the next decade. Functionally and energy optimized hardware systems and development tools maybe is the most critical facet of this technology for the achievement of such prospects. Especially, in the area of agriculture, where the hostile operating environment comes to add to the general technological and technical issues, reliable and robust WSAN systems are mandatory. This paper focuses on the hardware design architectures of the WSANs for real-world agricultural applications. It presents the available alternatives in hardware design and identifies their difficulties and problems for real-life implementations. The paper introduces SensoTube, a new WSAN hardware architecture, which is proposed as a solution to the various existing design constraints of WSANs. The establishment of the proposed architecture is based, firstly on an abstraction approach in the functional requirements context, and secondly, on the standardization of the subsystems connectivity, in order to allow for an open, expandable, flexible, reconfigurable, energy optimized, reliable and robust hardware system. The SensoTube implementation reference model together with its encapsulation design and installation are analyzed and presented in details. Furthermore, as a proof of concept, certain use cases have been studied in order to demonstrate the benefits of migrating existing designs based on the available open-source hardware platforms to SensoTube architecture.

Question: What is the senso tube?


EEG-correlated fMRI of human alpha activity. Electroencephalography-correlated functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG/fMRI) can be used to identify blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes associated with both physiological and pathological EEG events. Here, we implemented continuous and simultaneous EEG/fMRI to identify BOLD signal changes related to spontaneous power fluctuations in the alpha rhythm (8-12 Hz), the dominant EEG pattern during relaxed wakefulness. Thirty-two channels of EEG were recorded in 10 subjects during eyes-closed rest inside a 1.5-T magnet resonance (MR) scanner using an MR-compatible EEG recording system. Functional scanning by echoplanar imaging covered almost the entire cerebrum every 4 s. Off-line MRI artifact subtraction software was applied to obtain continuous EEG data during fMRI acquisition. The average alpha power over 1-s epochs was derived at several electrode positions using a Fast Fourier Transform. The power time course was then convolved with a canonical hemodynamic response function, down-sampled, and used for statistical parametric mapping of associated signal changes in the image time series. At all electrode positions studied, a strong negative correlation of parietal and frontal cortical activity with alpha power was found. Conversely, only sparse and nonsystematic positive correlation was detected. The relevance of these findings is discussed in view of the current theories on the generation and significance of the alpha rhythm and the related functional neuroimaging findings.

Question: What is the relevance of the findings?


A Digital Twin-Based Approach for Designing and Multi-Objective Optimization of Hollow Glass Production Line. Various new national advanced manufacturing strategies, such as Industry 4.0, Industrial Internet, and Made in China 2025, are issued to achieve smart manufacturing, resulting in the increasing number of newly designed production lines in both developed and developing countries. Under the individualized designing demands, more realistic virtual models mirroring the real worlds of production lines are essential to bridge the gap between design and operation. This paper presents a digital twin-based approach for rapid individualized designing of the hollow glass production line. The digital twin merges physics-based system modeling and distributed real-time process data to generate an authoritative digital design of the system at pre-production phase. A digital twin-based analytical decoupling framework is also developed to provide engineering analysis capabilities and support the decision-making over the system designing and solution evaluation. Three key enabling techniques as well as a case study in hollow glass production line are addressed to validate the proposed approach.

Question: What is a digital twin?


Quadruped Robot Running With a Bounding Gait. Scout II, an autonomous four-legged robot with only one actuator per compliant leg is described. We demonstrate the need to model the actuators and the power source of the robot system carefully in order to obtain experimentally valid models for simulation and analysis. We describe a new, simple running controller that requires minimal task level feedback, yet achieves reliable and fast running up to 1.2 m/s. These results contribute to the increasing evidence that apparently complex dynamically dexterous tasks may be controlled via simple control laws. In addition, the simple mechanical design of our robot may be used as a template for the control of higher degree of freedom quadrupeds. An energetics analysis reveals a highly efficient system with a specific resistance of 0.32 when based on mechanical power dissipation and of 1.0 when based on total electrical power dissipation.

Question: What is the specific resistance of a quadruped robot?


Fuzzy PID control of a flexible-joint robot arm with uncertainties from time-varying loads. This paper presents the design and experiment of a fuzzy proportional integral derivative (PID) controller for a flexible-joint robot arm with uncertainties from time-varying loads. Experimental results have shown remarkable tracking performance of this fuzzy PID controller, and have convincingly demonstrated that fuzzy logic control can be used for flexiblejoint robot arms with uncertainties and it is quite robust. In this paper, the fuzzy PID controller is first described briefly, using a simple and practical PD+I controller configuration. This configuration preserves the linear structure of the conventional PD+I controller, but has nonconstant gains: the proportional, integral, and derivative gains are nonlinear functions of their input signals, which have self-tuning (adaptive) capabilities in setpoint tracking performance. Moreover, these variable gains make the fuzzy PID controller robust with faster response time and less overshoot than its conventional counterpart. The proposed design was tested using a flexible-joint robot arm driven by a dc motor in a laboratory, where the arm was experienced with time-varying loads. Control performance by the conventional and fuzzy PID controllers for such a laboratory robotic system are both included in this paper for comparison.

Question: What is a dc motor?


Query by Example of Speaker Audio Signals Using Power Spectrum and MFCCs. Search engine is the popular term for an information retrieval (IR) system. Typically, search engine can be based on full-text indexing. Changing the presentation from the text data to multimedia data types make an information retrieval process more complex such as a retrieval of image or sounds in large databases. This paper introduces the use of language and text independent speech as input queries in a large sound database by using Speaker identification algorithm. The method consists of 2 main processing first steps, we separate vocal and non-vocal identification after that vocal be used to speaker identification for audio query by speaker voice. For the speaker identification and audio query by process, we estimate the similarity of the example signal and the samples in the queried database by calculating the Euclidian distance between the Mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) and Energy spectrum of acoustic features. The simulations show that the good performance with a sustainable computational cost and obtained the average accuracy rate more than 90%.

Question: Query by Example of Speaker Audio Signals Using Power Spectrum and MFCCs.