An energy framework for the network simulator 3 (NS-3). The Network Simulator-3 (ns-3) is rapidly developing into a flexible and easy-to-use tool suitable for wireless network simulation. Since energy consumption is a key issue for wireless devices, wireless network researchers often need to investigate the energy consumption at a battery powered node or in the overall network, while running network simulations. This requires the underlying simulator to support energy consumption and energy source modeling. Currently however, ns-3 does not provide any support for modeling energy consumption or energy sources. In this paper, we introduce an integrated energy framework for ns-3, with models for energy source as well as energy consumption. We present the design and implementation of the overall framework and the specific models therein. Further, we show how the proposed framework can be used in ns-3 to simulate energy-aware protocols in a wireless network.

Question: What is the energy framework for the network simulator 3?


Promoting tourism destinations : A strategic marketing approach. Introduction This paper outlines the main topics of a report prepared for the Tourism Promotion Committee (TPC) in Heraklion District, Crete. This body is responsible for coordinating marketing activities and promoting its area. Its membership is composed of the main public and private sector organizations involved in providing tourism services in Crete. The report was compiled for TPC by the first author, who has been closely involved in the development of tourism marketing and planning on Crete for over ten years. It was commissioned with the aim of improving the destination's marketing effectiveness and efficiency. The task assigned was to provide a report (i) reviewing the marketing activities undertaken by the TPC; (ii) providing the appropriate approach to be adopted and implemented in promoting Heraklion as tourism destination; and (iii) giving a set of recommendations for key areas requiring improvement. Marios D. Soteriades and Vasiliki A. Avgeli

Question: What is the main topic of a report?


Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and the Adult ADHD Brain: A Neuropsychotherapeutic Perspective. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a recognized serious mental disorder that often persists into adulthood. The symptoms and impairments associated with ADHD often cause significant mental suffering in affected individuals. ADHD has been associated with abnormal neuronal activity in various neuronal circuits, such as the dorsofrontostriatal, orbitofrontostriatal, and frontocerebellar circuits. Psychopharmacological treatment with methylphenidate hydrochloride is recommended as the first-line treatment for ADHD. It is assumed that medication ameliorates ADHD symptoms by improving the functioning of the brain areas affected in the condition. However, side effects, contraindications, or non-response can limit the effectiveness of a psychopharmacological treatment for ADHD. It is therefore necessary to develop non-pharmacological interventions that target neuronal mechanisms associated with the condition in the same way as pharmacological treatment. We think that mindfulness meditation employed as a neuropsychotherapeutic intervention could help patients with ADHD to regulate impaired brain functioning and thereby reduce ADHD symptoms. In this paper, we highlight the mechanisms of such mindfulness meditation, and thus provide a rationale for further research and treatment development from a neuropsychotherapeutic perspective. We conclude that mindfulness meditation employed as a neuropsychotherapeutic intervention in therapy is a promising treatment approach in ADHD.

Question: What is the difference between a neuropsychotherapeutic and a psychopharmacological treatment?


Block-wise construction of tree-like relational features with monotone reducibility and redundancy. We describe an algorithm for constructing a set of tree-like conjunctive relational features by combining smaller conjunctive blocks. Unlike traditional level-wise approaches which preserve the monotonicity of frequency, our block-wise approach preserves monotonicity of feature reducibility and redundancy, which are important in propositionalization employed in the context of classification learning. With pruning based on these properties, our block-wise approach efficiently scales to features including tens of first-order atoms, far beyond the reach of state-of-the art propositionalization or inductive logic programming systems.

Question: How to construct tree-like relational features?


Cyber military strategy for cyberspace superiority in cyber warfare. In this paper, we proposed robust and operational cyber military strategy for cyberspace superiority in cyber warfare. We considered cyber forces manpower, cyber intelligence capability, and an organization of cyber forces for improving cyber military strategy. In cyber forces power field, we should cultivated personals that can perform network computer operations and hold cyber security technology such as cyber intelligence collection, cyber-attack, cyber defence, and cyber forensics. Cyber intelligence capability includes cyber surveillance/reconnaissance, cyber order of battle, pre-CTO, and cyber damage assessment. An organization of cyber forces has to change tree structure to network structure and has to organize task or functional centric organizations. Our proposed cyber military strategy provides prior decision of action to operate desired effects in cyberspace.

Question: What is cyber military strategy?


Predicting Domain-Specific Risk Taking With the HEXACO Personality Structure. Although risk taking traditionally has been viewed as a unitary, stable individual difference variable, emerging evidence in behavioral decision-making research suggests that risk taking is a domain-specific construct. Utilizing a psychological risk-return framework that regresses risk taking on the perceived benefits and perceived riskiness of an activity (Weber & Milliman, 1997), this study examined the relations between risk attitude and broad personality dimensions using the new HEXACO personality framework (Lee &Ashton, 2004) across four risk domains. This personality framework, which has been replicated in lexical studies in over 12 natural languages, assess personality over six broad personality dimensions, as opposed to the traditional Five-Factor Model, or ''Big Five.'' Through path analysis, we regressed risk taking in four separate domains on risk perceptions, perceived benefits, and the six HEXACO dimensions. Across all risk domains, we found that the emotionality dimension was associated with heightened risk perceptions and high conscientiousness was associated with less perceived benefits. We also report several unique patterns of domain-specific relations between the HEXACO dimensions and risk attitude. Specifically, openness was associated with risk taking and perceived benefits for social and recreational risks, whereas lower honesty/humility was associated with greater health/safety and ethical risk taking. These findings extend our understanding of how individuals approach risk across a variety of contexts, and further highlight the utility of honesty/humility, a dimension not recovered in Big Five models, in individual differences research. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. key words risk taking; risk perception; risk-return framework; personality; HEXACO; honesty/humility Risk taking has traditionally been viewed as an enduring, stable, and domain-invariant cons

Question: What is the difference between risk taking and risk perception?


Low-power flyback converter with synchronous rectification for a system with AC power distribution. IEC 1000-3-2 regulations impose a reduced harmonic content on any converter with an input power higher than 75 W. However, if the power architecture of the system is based on small on-board converters, and the total power is higher than 75 W, IEC regulations must be fulfilled although each individual converter need not comply with the regulations. In this paper, one of the different possible solutions is presented. Each on-board converter has an active input current shaper (AICS) in order to reduce the input current harmonic content of each converter and, hence, to comply with IEC 1000-3-2 regulations. Moreover, two different types of AICSs were compared: the conventional one and a new type of AICS based on a full-wave rectifier.

Question: What is the difference between a flyback converter and a full-wave rectifier?


Aerial acoustic communications. This paper describes experiments in using audible sound as a means for wireless device communications. The direct application of standard modulation techniques to sound, without further improvements, results in sounds that are immediately perceived as digital communications and that are fairly aggressive and intrusive. We observe that some parameters of the modulation that have an impact in the data rate, the error probability and the computational overhead at the receiver also have a tremendous impact in the quality of the sound as perceived by humans. This paper focuses on how to vary those parameters in standard modulation techniques such as ASK, FSK and Spread-Spectrum to obtain communication systems in which the messages are musical and other familiar sounds, rather than modem sounds. A prototype called Digital Voices demonstrates the feasibility of this music-based communication technology. Our goal is to lay out the basis of sound design for aerial acoustic communications so that the presence of such communications, though noticeable, is not intrusive and can even be considered as part of musical compositions and sound tracks.

Question: How to design a sound for a wireless communication system?


Linkages between Depressive Symptomatology and Internet Harassment among Young Regular Internet Users. Recent reports indicate 97% of youth are connected to the Internet. As more young people have access to online communication, it is integrally important to identify youth who may be more vulnerable to negative experiences. Based upon accounts of traditional bullying, youth with depressive symptomatology may be especially likely to be the target of Internet harassment. The current investigation will examine the cross-sectional relationship between depressive symptomatology and Internet harassment, as well as underlying factors that may help explain the observed association. Youth between the ages of 10 and 17 (N = 1,501) participated in a telephone survey about their Internet behaviors and experiences. Subjects were required to have used the Internet at least six times in the previous 6 months to ensure a minimum level of exposure. The caregiver self-identified as most knowledgeable about the young person's Internet behaviors was also interviewed. The odds of reporting an Internet harassment experience in the previous year were more than three times higher (OR: 3.38, CI: 1.78, 6.45) for youth who reported major depressive symptomatology compared to mild/absent symptomatology. When female and male respondents were assessed separately, the adjusted odds of reporting Internet harassment for males who also reported DSM IV symptoms of major depression were more than three times greater (OR: 3.64, CI: 1.16, 11.39) than for males who indicated mild or no symptoms of depression. No significant association was observed among otherwise similar females. Instead, the association was largely explained by differences in Internet usage characteristics and other psychosocial challenges. Internet harassment is an important public mental health issue affecting youth today. Among young, regular Internet users, those who report DSM IV-like depressive symptomatology are significantly mo

Question: What is the relationship between depression and internet harassment?


An operational measure of information leakage. Given two discrete random variables X and Y, an operational approach is undertaken to quantify the "leakage" of information from X to Y. The resulting measure ℒ(X→Y ) is called maximal leakage, and is defined as the multiplicative increase, upon observing Y, of the probability of correctly guessing a randomized function of X, maximized over all such randomized functions. It is shown to be equal to the Sibson mutual information of order infinity, giving the latter operational significance. Its resulting properties are consistent with an axiomatic view of a leakage measure; for example, it satisfies the data processing inequality, it is asymmetric, and it is additive over independent pairs of random variables. Moreover, it is shown that the definition is robust in several respects: allowing for several guesses or requiring the guess to be only within a certain distance of the true function value does not change the resulting measure.

Question: What is the operational measure of information leakage?


Flip-chip interconnection EA-DFB laser module for 100-Gbit/s/λ application. We have developed a flip-chip interconnection technique to solve the problem of the degradation of the modulation bandwidth of an optical transmitter due to the parasitic inductance of bonding wire. And we have fabricated an LE-EA-DFB laser module that has a 3-dB bandwidth of 59 GHz thanks to our flip-chip interconnection technique. The fabricated optical receiver, which includes a wideband electrical amplifier, has a 3-dB bandwidth of 51 GHz. Using these optical modules with a 3-dB bandwidth of more than 50 GHz, we have obtained a bit-error rate of less than 2 × 10-4, which is an error-free condition using KP4 forward error correction, under 53.2-Gbaud 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (4-PAM) operation without an equalizer even after a 2-km transmission through single-mode fiber.

Question: What is the bit-error rate of the optical receiver?


Formula Derivation and Verification of Characteristic Impedance for Offset Double-Sided Parallel Strip Line (DSPSL). Double-sided parallel strip line (DSPSL) is a versatile microwave transmission line. With an offset, it allows for large variations of the characteristic impedance and therefore flexibility for the design of novel microwave devices. In this letter, a formula for the characteristic impedance of DSPSL is derived by the fuzzy EM method and verified by commercial software. Very good agreement is observed.

Question: What is the formula for the characteristic impedance of a double-sided parallel strip line?


Large-Scale Video Classification with Convolutional Neural Networks. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have been established as a powerful class of models for image recognition problems. Encouraged by these results, we provide an extensive empirical evaluation of CNNs on large-scale video classification using a new dataset of 1 million YouTube videos belonging to 487 classes. We study multiple approaches for extending the connectivity of a CNN in time domain to take advantage of local spatio-temporal information and suggest a multiresolution, foveated architecture as a promising way of speeding up the training. Our best spatio-temporal networks display significant performance improvements compared to strong feature-based baselines (55.3% to 63.9%), but only a surprisingly modest improvement compared to single-frame models (59.3% to 60.9%). We further study the generalization performance of our best model by retraining the top layers on the UCF-101 Action Recognition dataset and observe significant performance improvements compared to the UCF-101 baseline model (63.3% up from 43.9%).

Question: What is the largest video classification dataset?


A Survey on TCP Congestion Control Schemes in Guided Media and Unguided Media Communication. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a widely used end-to-end transport protocol in the Internet. This End to End delivery in wired (Guided) as well as wireless (Unguided) network improves the performance of transport layer or Transmission control Protocol (TCP) characterized by negligible random packet losses. This paper represents tentative study of TCP congestion control principles and mechanisms. Modern implementations of TCP hold four intertwined algorithms: slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmits, and fast recovery in addition to the standard algorithms used in common implementations of TCP. This paper describes the performance characteristics of four representative TCP schemes, namely TCP Tahoe, Reno, New Reno and Vegas under the condition of congested link capacities for wired network as well as wireless network.

Question: What is the difference between TCP Tahoe, Reno, New Reno and Vegas?


Role of cortical cell type and morphology in subthreshold and suprathreshold uniform electric field stimulation <ce:italic>in vitro</ce:italic>. BACKGROUND The neocortex is the most common target of subdural electrotherapy and noninvasive brain stimulation modalities, including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial current simulation (TCS). Specific neuronal elements targeted by cortical stimulation are considered to underlie therapeutic effects, but the exact cell type(s) affected by these methods remains poorly understood.   OBJECTIVE We determined whether neuronal morphology or cell type predicted responses to subthreshold and suprathreshold uniform electric fields.   METHODS We characterized the effects of subthreshold and suprathreshold electrical stimulation on identified cortical neurons in vitro. Uniform electric fields were applied to rat motor cortex brain slices, while recording from interneurons and pyramidal cells across cortical layers, using a whole-cell patch clamp. Neuron morphology was reconstructed after intracellular dialysis of biocytin. Based solely on volume-weighted morphology, we developed a parsimonious model of neuronal soma polarization by subthreshold electric fields.   RESULTS We found that neuronal morphology correlated with somatic subthreshold polarization. Based on neuronal morphology, we predict layer V pyramidal neuronal soma to be individually the most sensitive to polarization by optimally oriented subthreshold fields. Suprathreshold electric field action potential threshold was shown to reflect both direct cell polarization and synaptic (network) activation. Layer V/VI neuron absolute electric field action potential thresholds were lower than layer II/III pyramidal neurons and interneurons. Compared with somatic current injection, electric fields promoted burst firing and modulated action potential firing times.   CONCLUSIONS We present experimental data indicating that cortical neuron morphology relative to

Question: What is the difference between a neuron and a cell?


The String B-tree: A New Data Structure for String Search in External Memory and Its Applications. We introduce a new text-indexing data structure, the String B-Tree, that can be seen as a link between some traditional external-memory and string-matching data structures. In a short phrase, it is a combination of B-trees and Patricia tries for internal-node indices that is made more effective by adding extra pointers to speed up search and update operations. Consequently, the String B-Tree overcomes the theoretical limitations of inverted files, B-trees, prefix B-trees, suffix arrays, compacted tries and suffix trees. String B-trees have the same worst-case performance as B-trees but they manage unbounded-length strings and perform much more powerful search operations such as the ones supported by suffix trees. String B-trees are also effective in main memory (RAM model) because they improve the online suffix tree search on a dynamic set of strings. They also can be successfully applied to database indexing and software duplication.

Question: What is the worst case performance of a string b-tree?


Attention-over-Attention Neural Networks for Reading Comprehension. Cloze-style queries are representative problems in reading comprehension. Over the past few months, we have seen much progress that utilizing neural network approach to solve Cloze-style questions. In this paper, we present a novel model called attention-over-attention reader for the Cloze-style reading comprehension task. Our model aims to place another attention mechanism over the document-level attention, and induces "attended attention" for final predictions. Unlike the previous works, our neural network model requires less pre-defined hyper-parameters and uses an elegant architecture for modeling. Experimental results show that the proposed attentionover-attention model significantly outperforms various state-of-the-art systems by a large margin in public datasets, such as CNN and Children's Book Test datasets.

Question: What is the cloze-style reading comprehension task?


Moving Obstacle Detection using Monocular Vision. This paper proposes a method for detecting moving obstacles on roads, by using a vehicle mounted monocular camera. To detect various moving obstacles, such as vehicles and pedestrians, the ego-motion of the vehicle is initially estimated from images captured by the camera. There are two problems in ego-motion estimation. Firstly, a typical road scene contains moving obstacles. This causes false estimation of the ego-motion. Secondly, roads possess fewer features, when compared to the number associated with background structures. This reduces the accuracy of ego-motion estimation. In our approach, the ego-motion is estimated from the correspondences of dispersed feature points extracted from various regions other than those that contain moving obstacles. After estimating the ego-motion, any moving obstacles are detected by tracking the feature points over consecutive frames. In our experiments, it has been shown that the proposed method is able to detect moving obstacles

Question: How to detect moving obstacles?


A Survey of Intrusion Detection Systems for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Tactical Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are widely deployed in military organizations that have critical needs of communication even with the absence of fixed infrastructure. The lack of communication infrastructure and dynamic topology makes MANETs vulnerable to a wide range attacks. Tactical military operations are among the prime users of ad-hoc networks. The military holds higher standards of security requirements and thus require special intrusion detection applications. Conventional Intrusion Detection System (IDS) require central control and monitoring entities and thus cannot be applied to MANETs. Solutions to secure these networks are based on distributed and cooperative security. This paper presents a survey of IDS specifically for MANETs and also highlights the strengths and weakness of each model. We present a unique evaluation matrix for measuring the effectiveness of IDS for MANETs in an emergency response scenario.

Question: What is a survey of intrusion detection systems for mobile ad hoc networks?


Enhanced Simulated Annealing for Globally Minimizing Functions of Many-Continuous Variables. A new global optimization algorithm for functions of many continuous variables is presented, derived from the basic Simulated annealing method. Our main contribution lies in dealing with high-dimensionality minimization problems, which are often difficult to solve by all known minimization methods with or without gradient. In this article we take a special interest in the variables discretization issue. We also develop and implement several complementary stopping criteria. The original Metropolis iterative random search, which takes place in a Euclidean space Rn, is replaced by another similar exploration, performed within a succession of Euclidean spaces Rp, with p <<n. This Enhanced Simulated Annealing (ESA) algorithm was validated first on classical highly multimodal functions of 2 to 100 variables. We obtained significant reductions in the number of function evaluations compared to six other global optimization algorithms, selected according to previously published computational results for the same set of test functions. In most cases, ESA was able to closely approximate known global optima. The reduced ESA computational cost helped us to refine further the obtained global results, through the use of some local search. We have used this new minimizing procedure to solve complex circuit design problems, for which the objective function evaluation can be exceedingly costly.

Question: What is the objective function?


"Now, i have a body": uses and social norms for mobile remote presence in the workplace. As geographically distributed teams become increasingly common, there are more pressing demands for communication work practices and technologies that support distributed collaboration. One set of technologies that are emerging on the commercial market is mobile remote presence (MRP) systems, physically embodied videoconferencing systems that remote workers use to drive through a workplace, communicating with locals there. Our interviews, observations, and survey results from people, who had 2-18 months of MRP use, showed how remotely-controlled mobility enabled remote workers to live and work with local coworkers almost as if they were physically there. The MRP supported informal communications and connections between distributed coworkers. We also found that the mobile embodiment of the remote worker evoked orientations toward the MRP both as a person and as a machine, leading to formation of new usage norms among remote and local coworkers.

Question: How does mobile remote presence work?


SemEval-2012 Task 6: A Pilot on Semantic Textual Similarity. Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) measures the degree of semantic equivalence between two texts. This paper presents the results of the STS pilot task in Semeval. The training data contained 2000 sentence pairs from previously existing paraphrase datasets and machine translation evaluation resources. The test data also comprised 2000 sentences pairs for those datasets, plus two surprise datasets with 400 pairs from a different machine translation evaluation corpus and 750 pairs from a lexical resource mapping exercise. The similarity of pairs of sentences was rated on a 0-5 scale (low to high similarity) by human judges using Amazon Mechanical Turk, with high Pearson correlation scores, around 90%. 35 teams participated in the task, submitting 88 runs. The best results scored a Pearson correlation>80%, well above a simple lexical baseline that only scored a 31% correlation. This pilot task opens an exciting way ahead, although there are still open issues, specially the evaluation metric.

Question: What is the best way to evaluate semantic textual similarity?


Understanding and improving recurrent networks for human activity recognition by continuous attention. Deep neural networks, including recurrent networks, have been successfully applied to human activity recognition. Unfortunately, the final representation learned by recurrent networks might encode some noise (irrelevant signal components, unimportant sensor modalities, etc.). Besides, it is difficult to interpret the recurrent networks to gain insight into the models' behavior. To address these issues, we propose two attention models for human activity recognition: temporal attention and sensor attention. These two mechanisms adaptively focus on important signals and sensor modalities. To further improve the understandability and mean Fl score, we add continuity constraints, considering that continuous sensor signals are more robust than discrete ones. We evaluate the approaches on three datasets and obtain state-of-the-art results. Furthermore, qualitative analysis shows that the attention learned by the models agree well with human intuition.

Question: What is the mean Fl score?


Suspect tracking based on call logs analysis and visualization. In Thailand, investigator can track and find the suspects by using call logs from suspects' phone numbers and their contacts. In many cases, the suspects changed their phone numbers to avoid tracking. The problem is that the investigators have difficulty to track these suspects from their call logs. Our hypothesis is that each user has a unique calling behavior pattern. The calling pattern is importance for tracking suspect's telephone number. To compare the calling patterns, we consider common contact groups. Thus, the aim of this project is to develop a call logs tracking system which can predict a set of new possible suspect's phone numbers and present their contacts' connection with our network diagram visualization based on Graph database (Neo4j). This system will be very necessary for investigators because it can save investigators' time from analyzing excessive call logs data. The system can predict the possible suspect's phone numbers. Furthermore, our visualization can enhance human's sight ability to connect the relation among related phone numbers. Finally, the experimental results on real call logs demonstrate that our method can track telephone number approximately 69% of single possible suspect phone number's matching while 89% of multiple possible suspect phone numbers' matching.

Question: How to track a phone number?


Genome plasticity a key factor in the success of polyploid wheat under domestication.. Wheat was domesticated about 10,000 years ago and has since spread worldwide to become one of the major crops. Its adaptability to diverse environments and end uses is surprising given the diversity bottlenecks expected from recent domestication and polyploid speciation events. Wheat compensates for these bottlenecks by capturing part of the genetic diversity of its progenitors and by generating new diversity at a relatively fast pace. Frequent gene deletions and disruptions generated by a fast replacement rate of repetitive sequences are buffered by the polyploid nature of wheat, resulting in subtle dosage effects on which selection can operate.

Question: What is the polyploid nature of wheat?


A theory of causal learning in children: causal maps and Bayes nets.. The authors outline a cognitive and computational account of causal learning in children. They propose that children use specialized cognitive systems that allow them to recover an accurate "causal map" of the world: an abstract, coherent, learned representation of the causal relations among events. This kind of knowledge can be perspicuously understood in terms of the formalism of directed graphical causal models, or Bayes nets. Children's causal learning and inference may involve computations similar to those for learning causal Bayes nets and for predicting with them. Experimental results suggest that 2- to 4-year-old children construct new causal maps and that their learning is consistent with the Bayes net formalism.

Question: What is the Bayes net formalism?


The dark side of the sharing economy ... and how to lighten it. Improving the sharing economy will require addressing myriad problems.

Question: How to improve the sharing economy?


A Characterization of the Utility of Using Artificial Intelligence to Test Two Artificial Intelligence Systems. An artificial intelligence system, designed for operations in a real-world environment faces a nearly infinite set of possible performance scenarios. Designers and developers, thus, face the challenge of validating proper performance across both foreseen and unforeseen conditions, particularly when the artificial intelligence is controlling a robot that will be operating in close proximity, or may represent a danger, to humans. While the manual creation of test cases allows limited testing (perhaps ensuring that a set of foreseeable conditions trigger an appropriate response), this may be insufficient to fully characterize and validate safe system performance. An approach to validating the performance of an artificial intelligence system using a simple artificial intelligence test case producer (AITCP) is presented. The AITCP allows the creation and simulation of prospective operating scenarios at a rate far exceeding that possible by human testers. Four scenarios for testing an autonomous navigation control system are presented: single actor in two-dimensional space, multiple actors in two-dimensional space, single actor in three-dimensional space, and multiple actors in three-dimensional space. The utility of using the AITCP is compared to that of human testers in each of these scenarios.

Question: How to test an artificial intelligence system?


A Multi-User Surface Visuo-Haptic Display Using Electrostatic Friction Modulation and Capacitive-Type Position Sensing. This paper proposes a visuo-haptic feedback system that can provide haptic feedback to multiple users on an LCD monitor using electrostatic adhesion and built-in capacitive sensors. The prototype system consists of a 40-inch LCD monitor, an ITO electrode sheet arranged on the monitor, and multiple contact pads for electrostatic adhesion. By applying low-frequency haptic voltage and high-frequency sensing voltage to each pad, the system realizes passive haptic feedback, as well as position sensing using the same components. The passive haptic feedback force exceeds 1 N at 300 V<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_\mathrm{rms}$</tex-math><alternatives> <inline-graphic xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="nakamura-ieq1-2556660.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>. The performance of the sensing system is investigated in terms of interference, which shows the haptic voltage and existence of multiple pads can affect the sensing and can shift the output by a few millimeters. A pilot application, virtual hockey game, successfully demonstrates the sensing and haptic rendering capability of the proposed system. The effect of the interference on the demonstration is discussed.

Question: How large is the haptic force?


Diagnostic Accuracy of Clinical Tests for Morton's Neuroma Compared With Ultrasonography.. The aim of the present study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of 7 clinical tests for Morton's neuroma (MN) compared with ultrasonography (US). Forty patients (54 feet) were diagnosed with MN using predetermined clinical criteria. These patients were subsequently referred for US, which was performed by a single, experienced musculoskeletal radiologist. The clinical test results were compared against the US findings. MN was confirmed on US at the site of clinical diagnosis in 53 feet (98%). The operational characteristics of the clinical tests performed were as follows: thumb index finger squeeze (96% sensitivity, 96% accuracy), Mulder's click (61% sensitivity, 62% accuracy), foot squeeze (41% sensitivity, 41% accuracy), plantar percussion (37% sensitivity, 36% accuracy), dorsal percussion (33% sensitivity, 26% accuracy), and light touch and pin prick (26% sensitivity, 25% accuracy). No correlation was found between the size of MN on US and the positive clinical tests, except for Mulder's click. The size of MN was significantly larger in patients with a positive Mulder's click (10.9 versus 8.5 mm, p = .016). The clinical assessment was comparable to US in diagnosing MN. The thumb index finger squeeze test was the most sensitive screening test for the clinical diagnosis of MN.

Question: What is the size of a Morton's neuroma?


Real-time multi-feature based fire flame detection in video. In this paper, we present a new approach to detect fire flame by processing and analyzing the stationary camera videos. For a fire detection system, it is desired to be sensitive and reliable. The proposed method improves not only the sensitivity but also the reliability through reducing the susceptibility to false alarms. The proposed approach based on multi-feature, i.e., chromatic features, dynamic features, texture features, and contour features, can both improve the sensitivity and reliability in fire detection. In our approach, we adopt a novel algorithm to extract the moving region and analyze the frequency of flickers. Experimental results show that the proposed method can run in real-time and performs favorably against the state-of-art methods with higher Page 1 of 22 IET Review Copy Only IET Image Processing This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication in an issue of the journal. To cite the paper please use the doi provided on the Digital Library page.

Question: How to detect fire flame in video?


A harmonic suppression circularly polarized patch antenna for an RF ambient energy harvesting system. This paper presented a new design of harmonic suppression microstrip patch antenna with the circular polarization properties at frequency 900MHz for an RF ambient energy harvesting system. The purpose of harmonic suppression antenna is to eliminate the using of a harmonic filter circuit in filtering the unwanted signal at the harmonic frequencies in a rectenna system. By introducing a truncating to corner of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna to achieved the required axial ratio, an antenna with circular polarization property is presented. The dimension of patch is reduced by applying partially ground plane. Then an implementation of a defected ground structure (DGS) with a circular shape slot, the unwanted radiation at harmonic frequencies are successfully suppressed. The patch antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with εr=4.7 and a thickness of 1.6 mm has -20dB return loss at 900 MHz and suppress the second and third harmonic up to -2dB. The proposed circularly polarized harmonic suppression antenna is then fabricated and measured for the verification of the design.

Question: What is a harmonic suppression patch antenna?


Machine Learning for Vehicular Networks. The emerging vehicular networks are expected to make everyday vehicular operation safer, greener, and more efficient, and pave the path to autonomous driving in the advent of the fifth generation (5G) cellular system. Machine learning, as a major branch of artificial intelligence, has been recently applied to wireless networks to provide a data-driven approach to solve traditionally challenging problems. In this article, we review recent advances in applying machine learning in vehicular networks and attempt to bring more attention to this emerging area. After a brief overview of the major concepts of machine learning, we present some application examples of machine learning in solving problems arising in vehicular networks. We finally discuss and highlight several open issues that warrant further research.

Question: What is the major branch of artificial intelligence?


Ultra-wideband low noise amplifier with shunt resistive feedback in 0.18µm CMOS process. A CMOS low noise amplifier (LNA) for ultra-wideband (UWB) systems is presented. The proposed LNA achieve wide operating bandwidth for 3–10.6 GHz by using resistive shunt feedback topology. Two stage amplifiers and an inter stage circuit are designed to achieve wider gain bandwidth. The shunt resistive feedback are employed in input and output stage to provide wideband input matching with low noise figure (NF). This work is designed and fabricated in TSMC 0.18µm CMOS process. The proposed UWB LNA achieves a measured flat gain 15 dB and has a noise figure of 4 dB over the entire band while consuming 21.5 mW of power. The measured third order intercept point IIP3 is 2.5 dBm.

Question: What is the noise figure of the amplifier?


Dynamic Materialized Views. A conventional materialized view blindly materializes and maintains all rows of a view, even rows that are never accessed. We propose a more flexible materialization strategy aimed at reducing storage space and view maintenance costs. A dynamic materialized view selectively materializes only a subset of rows, for example, the most frequently accessed rows. One or more control tables are associated with the view and define which rows are currently materialized. The set of materialized rows can be changed dynamically, either manually or automatically by an internal cache manager using a feedback loop. Dynamic execution plans are generated to decide whether the view is applicable at run time. Experimental results in Microsoft SQL Server show that compared with conventional materialized views, dynamic materialized views greatly reduce storage requirements and maintenance costs while achieving better query performance with improved buffer pool efficiency.

Question: What is a dynamic materialized view?


Squadron: Incentivizing Quality-Aware Mission-Driven Crowd Sensing. Recent years have witnessed the success of mobile crowd sensing systems, which outsource sensory data collection to the public crowd equipped with various mobile devices in a wide spectrum of civilian applications. We envision that crowd sensing could as well be very useful in a whole host of mission-driven scenarios, such as peacekeeping operations, non-combatant evacuations, and humanitarian missions. However, the power of crowd sensing could not be fully unleashed in mission-driven crowd sensing (MiCS) systems, unless workers are effectively incentivized to participate. Therefore, in this paper, taking into consideration workers' diverse quality of information (QoI), we propose Squadron, a quality-aware incentive mechanism for MiCS systems. Squadron adopts the reverse auction framework. It approximately minimizes the platform's total payment for worker recruiting in a computationally efficient manner, and recruits workers who potentially could provide high quality data. Furthermore, it also satisfies the desirable properties of truth-fulness and individual rationality. Through rigorous theoretical analysis, as well as extensive simulations, we validate the various aforementioned desirable properties held by Squadron.

Question: How can we incentivize workers to participate in crowd sensing?


Miller Decoding Algorithm Using Sample Recovery and Correlation Method for UHF Gen2 RFID System. In this paper, by analyzing the characteristics of the received signal in both practical and theory environment, a Miller decoding algorithm basing on a sample recovery method and correlation concept is designed. The sample recovery method is designed to apply on the samples of the received signal which often include some degree of distortions caused by noise or timing jitter. Basing on the concept of matched filter, which is obtained by correlating the received signal with a known reference signal to detect the presence of the data symbol in the received signal, a Miller decoding algorithm utilizing correlation is designed. Together with the signal recovery method, the Miller decoding algorithm using correlation shows a good decoding performance under condition of timing jitter and high signal corruption rate caused by noise.

Question: What is the Miller decoding algorithm?


Function-Private Functional Encryption in the Private-Key Setting. Functional encryption supports restricted decryption keys that allow users to learn specific functions of the encrypted messages. Although the vast majority of research on functional encryption has so far focused on the privacy of the encrypted messages, in many realistic scenarios it is crucial to offer privacy also for the functions for which decryption keys are provided. Whereas function privacy is inherently limited in the public-key setting, in the private-key setting it has a tremendous potential. Specifically, one can hope to construct schemes where encryptions of messages $$\mathsf{m}_1, \ldots , \mathsf{m}_T$$ m 1 , … , m T together with decryption keys corresponding to functions $$f_1, \ldots , f_T$$ f 1 , … , f T , reveal essentially no information other than the values $$\{ f_i(\mathsf{m}_j)\}_{i,j\in [T]}$$ { f i ( m j ) } i , j ∈ [ T ] . Despite its great potential, the known function-private private-key schemes either support rather limited families of functions (such as inner products) or offer somewhat weak notions of function privacy. We present a generic transformation that yields a function-private functional encryption scheme, starting with any non-function-private scheme for a sufficiently rich function class. Our transformation preserves the message privacy of the underlying scheme and can be instantiated using a variety of existing schemes. Plugging in known constructions of functional encryption schemes, we obtain function-private schemes based either on the learning with errors assumption, on obfuscation assumptions, on simple multilinear-maps assumptions, and even on the existence of any one-way function (offering various trade-offs between security and efficiency).

Question: What is a function-private functional encryption scheme?


Verilog HDL model based thermometer-to-binary encoder with bubble error correction. This paper compares several approaches to come up with the Verilog HDL model of the thermometer-to-binary encoder with bubble error correction. It has been demonstrated that implementations of different ideas to correct bubble errors yield circuits whose parameters tremendously vary in delay, area and power consumption. The shortest delay is achieved for the design synthesized from the model which mimics a human reading temperature on classic liquid-in-glass thermometer.

Question: What is the Verilog HDL model of the thermometer-to-binary encoder with bubble error correction?


A layered software architecture for quantum computing design tools. Compilers and computer-aided design tools are essential for fine-grained control of nanoscale quantum-mechanical systems. A proposed four-phase design flow assists with computations by transforming a quantum algorithm from a high-level language program into precisely scheduled physical actions.

Question: What is a quantum computer?


Radial-arrayed rotary electrification for high performance triboelectric generator.. Harvesting mechanical energy is an important route in obtaining cost-effective, clean and sustainable electric energy. Here we report a two-dimensional planar-structured triboelectric generator on the basis of contact electrification. The radial arrays of micro-sized sectors on the contact surfaces enable a high output power of 1.5 W (area power density of 19 mW cm(-2)) at an efficiency of 24%. The triboelectric generator can effectively harness various ambient motions, including light wind, tap water flow and normal body movement. Through a power management circuit, a triboelectric-generator-based power-supplying system can provide a constant direct-current source for sustainably driving and charging commercial electronics, immediately demonstrating the feasibility of the triboelectric generator as a practical power source. Given exceptional power density, extremely low cost and unique applicability resulting from distinctive mechanism and structure, the triboelectric generator can be applied not only to self-powered electronics but also possibly to power generation at a large scale.

Question: What is the difference between a triboelectric generator and a piezoelectric generator?


Comparison of Different Classification Techniques Using WEKA for Breast Cancer. The development of data-mining applications such as classification and clustering has shown the need for machine learning algorithms to be applied to large scale data. In this paper we present the comparison of different classification techniques using Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis or in short, WEKA. WEKA is an open source software which consists of a collection of machine learning algorithms for data mining tasks. The aim of this paper is to investigate the performance of different classification or clustering methods for a set of large data. The algorithm or methods tested are Bayes Network, Radial Basis Function, Pruned Tree, Single Conjunctive Rule Learner and Nearest Neighbors Algorithm. A fundamental review on the selected technique is presented for introduction purposes. The data breast cancer data with a total data of 6291 and a dimension of 699 rows and 9 columns will be used to test and justify the differences between the classification methods or algorithms. Subsequently, the classification technique that has the potential to significantly improve the common or conventional methods will be suggested for use in large scale data, bioinformatics or other general applications. Keywords— Machine Learning, Data Mining, WEKA, Classification, Bioinformatics.

Question: What is the difference between classification and clustering?


On Trade-offs of Applying Block Chains for Electronic Voting Bulletin Boards. This paper takes a critical look at the recent trend of building electronic voting systems on top of block chain technology. Even though being very appealing from the election integrity perspective, block chains have numerous technical, economical and even political drawbacks that need to be taken into account. Selecting a good trade-off between desirable properties and restrictions imposed by different block chain implementations is a highly non-trivial task. This paper aims at bringing some clarity into performing this task. We will mostly be concentrating on public permissionless block chains and their applications as bulletin board implementations as these are the favourite choices in majority of the recent block chain based voting protocol proposals.

Question: What is the trade-off between desirable properties and restrictions imposed by different block chain implementations?


Hierarchical Clustering Algorithms for Document Datasets. Fast and high-quality document clustering algorithms play an important role in providing intuitive navigation and browsing mechanisms by organizing large amounts of information into a small number of meaningful clusters. In particular, clustering algorithms that build meaningful hierarchies out of large document collections are ideal tools for their interactive visualization and exploration as they provide data-views that are consistent, predictable, and at different levels of granularity. This paper focuses on document clustering algorithms that build such hierarchical solutions and (i) presents a comprehensive study of partitional and agglomerative algorithms that use different criterion functions and merging schemes, and (ii) presents a new class of clustering algorithms called constrained agglomerative algorithms, which combine features from both partitional and agglomerative approaches that allows them to reduce the early-stage errors made by agglomerative methods and hence improve the quality of clustering solutions. The experimental evaluation shows that, contrary to the common belief, partitional algorithms always lead to better solutions than agglomerative algorithms; making them ideal for clustering large document collections due to not only their relatively low computational requirements, but also higher clustering quality. Furthermore, the constrained agglomerative methods consistently lead to better solutions than agglomerative methods alone and for many cases they outperform partitional methods, as well.

Question: What is a hierarchical clustering algorithm?


An ultra-wideband common gate LNA with gm-boosted and noise cancelling techniques. In this paper, an ultra-wideband (UWB) common gate low-noise amplifier (LNA) with gm-boosted and noise-cancelling techniques is presented In this scheme we utilize gm-boosted stage for cancelling the noise of matching device. The bandwidth extension and flat gain are achieved by using of series and shunt peaking techniques. Simulated in .13 um Cmos technology, the proposed LNA achieved 2.38-3.4dB NF and S11 less than -11dB in the 3.1-10.6 GHz band Maximum power gain(S21) is 11dB and -3dB bandwidth is 1.25-11.33 GHz. The power consumption of LNA is 5.8mW.

Question: What is the maximum bandwidth of the LNA?


Confidence sets for persistence diagrams. Persistent homology is a method for probing topological properties of point clouds and functions. The method involves tracking the birth and death of topological features as one varies a tuning parameter. Features with short lifetimes are informally considered to be "topological noise," and those with a long lifetime are considered to be "topological signal." In this paper, we bring some statistical ideas to persistent homology. In particular, we derive confidence sets that allow us to separate topological signal from topological noise.

Question: What is a confidence set?


Distributed Optimization Using the Primal-Dual Method of Multipliers. In this paper, we propose the primal-dual method of multipliers (PDMM) for distributed optimization over a graph. In particular, we optimize a sum of convex functions defined over a graph, where every edge in the graph carries a linear equality constraint. In designing the new algorithm, an augmented primal-dual Lagrangian function is constructed which smoothly captures the graph topology. It is shown that a saddle point of the constructed function provides an optimal solution of the original problem. Further under both the synchronous and asynchronous updating schemes, PDMM has the convergence rate of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$O(1/K)$</tex-math></inline-formula> (where <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$</tex-math></inline-formula> denotes the iteration index) for general closed, proper, and convex functions. Other properties of PDMM such as convergence speeds versus different parameter-settings and resilience to transmission failure are also investigated through the experiments of distributed averaging.

Question: Distributed Optimization Using the Primal-Dual Method of Multipliers


Improved Shortest Path Maps with GPU Shaders. We present in this paper several improvements for computing shortest path maps using OpenGL shaders [1]. The approach explores GPU rasterization as a way to propagate optimal costs on a polygonal 2D environment, producing shortest path maps which can efficiently be queried at run-time. Our improved method relies on Compute Shaders for improved performance, does not require any CPU pre-computation, and handles shortest path maps both with source points and with line segment sources. The produced path maps partition the input environment into regions sharing a same parent point along the shortest path to the closest source point or segment source. Our method produces paths with global optimality, a characteristic which has been mostly neglected in animated virtual environments. The proposed approach is particularly suitable for the animation of multiple agents moving toward the entrances or exits of a virtual environment, a situation which is efficiently represented with the proposed path maps.

Question: How to compute shortest path maps with GPU shaders?


A Microstrip Ultra-Wideband Bandpass Filter With Cascaded Broadband Bandpass and Bandstop Filters. This paper develops a novel ultra-wideband bandpass filter by cascading a broadband bandpass filter with another broadband bandstop filter. Properly selected impedances of transmission lines achieve broadband bandpass and bandstop filters and make independent designs possible. Detailed design and synthesis procedures are provided; moreover, agreement between measured and theoretically predicted results demonstrates feasibility of the proposed filter. Due to its simple structure, the ultra-wideband bandpass filter newly introduced in this paper is suitable for integration in the single-chipped circuit or implementation on printed circuit boards.

Question: What is a microstrip filter?


Patterns of HCI Design and HCI Design of Patterns. This chapter introduces the concept of human–computer interaction (HCI) design pattern—also called UI design pattern, interaction design patterns, HCI patterns, user experience pattern and usability engineering pattern. In this book, we mainly use the term HCI Design pattern, but we also use all these terms interchangeably to refer to HCI design pattern. HCI design patterns—have been introduced as a medium to capture and represent users' experiences as well as to disseminate it as design knowledge. Patterns have the potential of transferring the design expertise of HCI designers to software engineers, who are usually unfamiliar with UI design and usability principles. What is the difference between design patterns and HCI design patterns? Why are they important among HCI designers and SE practitioners? Why design patterns have been considered as a HCI design tool? Why and how HCI design patterns can make a difference? This chapter provides a first answer to these questions that are the key objectives of this book. 1.1 Original Ideas About Design Pattern Among the early attempts to capture and use design knowledge in the format of design patterns, the first major milestone is often attributed to the architect Christopher Alexander, in the late 1970s. In his two books, A Pattern Language (Alexander 1977) and A Timeless Way of Building (Alexander 1979), Alexander, the father of patterns, discusses the avenues to capture and use design knowledge, and presents a large collection of pattern examples to help architects and engineers with the design of buildings, towns, and other urban entities. To illustrate the concept of pattern, Alexander proposes an architectural pattern called Wings of Light (Alexander 1977), where the problem is: Modern buildings are often shaped with no concern for natural light—they depend almost entirely on artificial light. But, buildings which displace natural light as the major source of illumi

Question: What is the difference between design patterns and HCI design patterns?


On Best-Possible Obfuscation. An obfuscator is a compiler that transforms any program (which we will view in this work as a boolean circuit) into an obfuscated program (also a circuit) that has the same input-output functionality as the original program, but is "unintelligible". Obfuscation has applications for cryptography and for software protection. Barak et al. (CRYPTO 2001, pp. 1–18, 2001) initiated a theoretical study of obfuscation, which focused on black-box obfuscation, where the obfuscated circuit should leak no information except for its (black-box) input-output functionality. A family of functionalities that cannot be obfuscated was demonstrated. Subsequent research has showed further negative results as well as positive results for obfuscating very specific families of circuits, all with respect to black box obfuscation. This work is a study of a new notion of obfuscation, which we call best-possible obfuscation. Best possible obfuscation makes the relaxed requirement that the obfuscated program leaks as little information as any other program with the same functionality (and of similar size). In particular, this definition allows the program to leak information that cannot be obtained from a black box. Best-possible obfuscation guarantees that any information that is not hidden by the obfuscated program is also not hidden by any other similar-size program computing the same functionality, and thus the obfuscation is (literally) the best possible. In this work we study best-possible obfuscation and its relationship to previously studied definitions. Our main results are: (1) A separation between black-box and best-possible obfuscation. We show a natural obfuscation task that can be achieved under the best-possible definition, but cannot be achieved under the black-box definition. (2) A hardness result for best-possible obfuscation, showing that strong (information-theoretic) best-possible obfuscation implies a collapse in the Polynomial-Time Hierarchy.

Question: What is the best-possible obfuscation?


Enhanced belief propagation decoding of polar codes through concatenation. The bit-channels of finite-length polar codes are not fully polarized, and a proportion of such bit-channels are neither completely "noiseless" nor completely "noisy". By using an outer low-density parity-check code for these intermediate channels, we show how the performance of belief propagation (BP) decoding of the overall concatenated polar code can be improved. A simple example reports an improvement in Eb /N0 of 0.3 dB with respect to the conventional BP decoder.

Question: What is the performance of belief propagation decoding of polar codes?


Osteology of Ischikauia steenackeri (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) with comments on its systematic position. The lakeweed chub Ischikauia steenackeri is a medium-sized, herbivorous fish and the sole extant member of the genus Ischikauia, which is endemic to Lake Biwa and the Yodo River drainage, Japan. In order to clarify its systematic position, the skeletal anatomy of I. steenackeri is described and its relationships with related genera are discussed. The present data suggest the monophyly of Ischikauia and seven cultrine genera (Culter, Chanodichthys, Megalobrama, Sinibrama, Hemiculter, Toxabramis, and Anabarilius) based on a unique character, the metapterygoid elongated dorsally. Additionally, our data suggest that Ischikauia is closely related to Culter, Chanodichthys, Megalobrama, and Sinibrama. This relationship is supported by three synapomorphies that are common to them: a narrow third infraorbital, dorsal extension of the third supraneural, and a large quadrate foramen.

Question: What is the systematic position of Ischikauia steenackeri?


News-based trading strategies. The marvel of markets lies in the fact that dispersed information is instantaneously processed and used to adjust the price of goods, services and assets. Financial markets are particularly efficient when it comes to processing information; such information is typically embedded in textual news that is then interpreted by investors. Quite recently, researchers have started to automatically determine news sentiment in order to explain stock price movements. Interestingly, this so-called news sentiment works fairly well in explaining stock returns. In this paper, we design trading strategies that utilize textual news in order to obtain profits on the basis of novel information entering the market. We thus propose approaches for automated decisionmaking based on supervised and reinforcement learning. Altogether, we demonstrate how news-based data can be incorporated into an investment system.

Question: What is the marvel of markets?


An ultra-wideband absorber based on multiple resonators in 3-D frequency-selective structure. An ultra-wideband absorber based on employing multiple resonators in the unit cell of a 3-D frequency-selective structure is proposed. The original design consists of two-dimensional periodic array of three-dimensional unit cells and lumped components to provide matching with free space and absorb the incident electromagnetic wave. By introducing one more resonator in the unit cell, an ultra-wideband absorber can be constructed. It has a fractional bandwidth of 155.7 % for −10 dB of reflection coefficient under the normal incidence with an absorber thickness of 0.12 λ0 at the lowest absorption frequency. This absorber works for TE polarization at which two quasi-TEM modes are excited in the air and substrate regions. The proposed absorber shows a stable performance under oblique angles of incidence.

Question: What is an ultra-wideband absorber?


Music-based respiratory biofeedback in visually-demanding tasks. Biofeedback tools generally use visualizations to display physiological information to the user. As such, these tools are incompatible with visually demanding tasks such as driving. While auditory or haptic biofeedback may be used in these cases, the additional sensory channels can increase workload or act as a nuisance to the user. A number of studies, however, have shown that music can improve mood and concentration, while also reduce aggression and boredom. Here, we propose an intervention that combines the benefits of biofeedback and music to help users regulate their stress response while performing a visual task (driving a car simulator). Our approach encourages slow breathing by adjusting the quality of the music in response to the user's breathing rate. We evaluate the intervention on a design with music and auditory biofeedback as independent variables. Our results indicate that our music-biofeedback intervention leads to lower arousal (reduced electrodermal activity and increased heart rate variability) than music alone, auditory biofeedback alone and a control condition.

Question: How can music help reduce stress?


Harvesting rib cartilage grafts for secondary rhinoplasty.. BACKGROUND Reconstruction of the nasal osseocartilaginous framework is the foundation of successful secondary rhinoplasty.   METHODS Achieving this often requires large quantities of cartilage to correct both contour deformities and functional problems caused by previous procedures. Satisfactory and consistent long-term results rely on using grafts with low resorption rates and sufficient strength to offer adequate support. Auricular cartilage, irradiated cartilage, and alloplastic materials have all been used as implantable grafts with limited success.   RESULTS In the senior author's experience (J.P.G.), rib cartilage has proven to be a reliable, abundant, and relatively accessible donor with which to facilitate successful secondary rhinoplasty surgery.   CONCLUSIONS : The authors describe in detail the techniques that they have found to be integral in harvesting rib cartilage grafts for secondary rhinoplasty.

Question: How to harvest rib cartilage grafts for secondary rhinoplasty?


The Art of Multiple Sequence Alignment in R. Figure 1: The art of multiple sequence alignment. This document is intended to illustrate the art of multiple sequence alignment in R using DECIPHER. Even though its beauty is often concealed, multiple sequence alignment is a form of art in more ways than one. Take a look at Figure 1 for an illustration of what is happening behind the scenes during multiple sequence alignment. The practice of sequence alignment is one that requires a degree of skill, and it is that art which this vignette intends to convey. It is simply not enough to "plug" sequences into a multiple sequence aligner and blindly trust the result. An appreciation for the art as well a careful consideration of the results are required. What really is multiple sequence alignment, and is there a single correct alignment? Generally speaking, alignment seeks to perform the act of taking multiple divergent biological sequences of the same "type" and fitting them to a form that reflects some shared quality. That quality

Question: What is the art of multiple sequence alignment?


Microbial Fuel Cells for Wastewater Treatment. 1.1 Screening The influent is strained to remove all large objects carried in the sewage stream. This is most commonly performed with an automated mechanically-raked bar screen in modern plants serving large populations, whilst in smaller or less modern plants a manually-cleaned screen may be used. The raking action of a mechanical bar screen is typically paced according to the accumulation on the bar screens and/or flow rate. The solids are collected and later disposed of in landfill or incinerated. Bar screens or mesh screens of varying sizes may be used to optimise solids removal, so as to trap and remove the floating matter, such as pieces of cloth, paper, wood, kitchen refuse, etc. These floating materials will choke pipes or adversely affect the working of the pumps if not removed. They should be placed before the grit chambers. However, if the quality of grit is not of much importance, as in the case of landfilling etc., screens may even be placed after the grit chambers. They may sometimes be accommodated in the body of the grit chambers themselves.

Question: How do you remove floating materials from a wastewater stream?


Co-designing accelerators and SoC interfaces using gem5-Aladdin. Increasing demand for power-efficient, high-performance computing has spurred a growing number and diversity of hardware accelerators in mobile and server Systems on Chip (SoCs). This paper makes the case that the co-design of the accelerator microarchitecture with the system in which it belongs is critical to balanced, efficient accelerator microarchitectures. We find that data movement and coherence management for accelerators are significant yet often unaccounted components of total accelerator runtime, resulting in misleading performance predictions and inefficient accelerator designs. To explore the design space of accelerator-system co-design, we develop gem5-Aladdin, an SoC simulator that captures dynamic interactions between accelerators and the SoC platform, and validate it to within 6% against real hardware. Our co-design studies show that the optimal energy-delay-product (EDP) of an accelerator microarchitecture can improve by up to 7.4× when system-level effects are considered compared to optimizing accelerators in isolation.

Question: What is the optimal energy-delay-product of an accelerator microarchitecture?


BER Analysis of MIMO-OFDM System using Alamouti STBC and MRC Diversity Scheme over Rayleigh Multipath Channel. Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Global Journal of Researches in Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering Volume 13 Issue 13 Version 1.0 Year 2013 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4596 & Print ISSN: 0975-5861

Question: What is the difference between a double blind peer review and a blind peer review?


Retrograde amnesia and remote memory impairment. -The status of remote memory in case N.A., patients receiving bilateral ECT, and patients with KorsakoBsyndrome was assessed using seven different tests. The extent and pattern of remote memory impairment depended upon the etiology of amnesia, appearing as a relatively brief retrograde amnesia for N.A. and patients receiving ECT and as an extensive impairment covering many decades for patients with KorsakoB syndrome. Differences in remote memory impairment could not be explained by differences in the severity ofanterograde amnesia, indicating that amnesia is not a unitary disorder. We suggest that brief retrograde amnesia is typically present whenever amnesia occurs and that extensive remote memory impairment is a distinct entity related to superimposed cognitive deficits. These ideas and a review of previous studies lead to a comprehensive proposal for understanding retrograde amnesia and remote memory impairment. THE AMNESIC syndrome has been the subject of much interest in neuropsychology because of what it might reveal about the organization and neurological foundations of normal memory. The phenomenon of retrograde amnesia, that loss of memory can occur for the period before the precipitating incident, has had a particularly large impact on ideas about normal memory function [l-5]. However, conflicting views exist regarding both the extent and pattern of retrograde amnesia and these have been used to support different ideas about the nature of amnesia. Specifically, clinical assessment of memory loss in patients with medial temporal lobectomy has suggested that a relatively brief retrograde amnesia extends at least to several months and at most to a few years prior to surgery [6, 71. Formal testing of patients receiving bilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has revealed a brief retrograde amnesia affecting memory for public events and former television programs that occurred during the few years prior to trea

Question: What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?


Comparative analysis of master-slave latches and flip-flops for high-performance and low-power systems. In this paper, we propose a set of rules for consistent estimation of the real performance and power features of the flip-flop and master–slave latch structures. A new simulation and optimization approach is presented, targeting both highperformance and power budget issues. The analysis approach reveals the sources of performance and power-consumption bottlenecks in different design styles. Certain misleading parameters have been properly modified and weighted to reflect the real properties of the compared structures. Furthermore, the results of the comparison of representative master–slave latches and flipflops illustrate the advantages of our approach and the suitability of different design styles for high-performance and low-power applications.

Question: What is the difference between a master-slave latch and a flip-flop?


On-demand virtualization for live migration in bare metal cloud. The level of demand for bare-metal cloud services has increased rapidly because such services are cost-effective for several types of workloads, and some cloud clients prefer a single-tenant environment due to the lower security vulnerability of such enviornments. However, as the bare-metal cloud does not utilize a virtualization layer, it cannot use live migration. Thus, there is a lack of manageability with the bare-metal cloud. Live migration support can improve the manageability of bare-metal cloud services significantly.  This paper suggests an on-demand virtualization technique to improve the manageability of bare-metal cloud services. A thin virtualization layer is inserted into the bare-metal cloud when live migration is requested. After the completion of the live migration process, the thin virtualization layer is removed from the host. We modified BitVisor [19] to implement on-demand virtualization and live migration on the x86 architecture.  The elapsed time of on-demand virtualization was negligible. It takes about 20 ms to insert the virtualization layer and 30 ms to remove the one. After removing the virtualization layer, the host machine works with bare-metal performance.

Question: What is the difference between a bare-metal cloud and a virtualized cloud?


Evaluating Digital Forensic Options for the Apple iPad. The iPod Touch, iPhone and iPad from Apple are among the most popular mobile computing platforms in use today. These devices are of forensic interest because of their high adoption rate and potential for containing digital evidence. The uniformity in their design and underlying operating system (iOS) also allows forensic tools and methods to be shared across product types. This paper analyzes the tools and methods available for conducting forensic examinations of the Apple iPad. These include commercial software products, updated methodologies based on existing jailbreaking processes and the analysis of the device backup contents provided by iTunes. While many of the available commercial tools offer promise, the results of our analysis indicate that most comprehensive examination of the iPad requires jailbreaking to perform forensic duplication and manual analysis of its media content.

Question: What is the difference between the ipod touch and the ipad?


Local information statistics of LBP and HOG for pedestrian detection. We present several methods of pedestrian detection in intensity images using different local statistical measures applied to two classes of features extensively used in pedestrian detection: uniform local binary patterns - LBP and a modified version of histogram of oriented gradients - HOG. Our work extracts local binary patterns and magnitude and orientation of the gradient image. Then we divide the image into blocks. Within each block we extract different statistics like: histogram (weighted by the gradient magnitude in the case of HOG), information, entropy and energy of the local binary code. We use Adaboost for training four classifiers and we analyze the classification error of each method on the Daimler benchmark pedestrian dataset.

Question: What is the difference between LBP and HOG?


IT Control in the Australian Public Sector: An International Comparison. Despite widespread adoption of IT control frameworks, little academic empirical research has been undertaken to investigate their use. This paper reports upon research to benchmark the maturity levels of 15 key IT control processes from the Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology (COBIT) in public sector organisations across Australia. It also makes a comparison against a similar benchmark for a mixed sector group from a range of nations, a mixed sector group from Asian-Oceanic nations, and for public sector organisations for all geographic areas. The Australian data were collected in a mail survey of the 387 non-financial public sector organisations identified as having more than 50 employees, which returned a 27% response rate. Patterns seen in the original international survey undertaken by the IS Audit and Control Association in 2002 were also seen in the Australian data. However, the Australian public sector performed better than sectors in all the international benchmarks for the 15 most important IT processes.

Question: What is the maturity level of the IT control framework in the Australian public sector?


CEC : Research in visualization techniques for field construction. Field construction can be planned, monitored, and controlled at two distinct levels: 1) the activity or schedule level; and 2) the operation or process level. Graphical 3D visualization can serve as an effective communication method at both levels. Several research efforts in visualizing construction are rooted in scheduling. They typically involve linking activity-based construction schedules and 3D CAD models of facilities to describe discretely-evolving construction "product" visualizations (often referred to as 4D CAD). The focus is on communicating what component(s) are built where and when, with the intention of studying the optimal activity sequence, spatial, and temporal interferences, etc. The construction processes or operations actually involved in building the components are usually implied. A second approach in visualizing construction is rooted in discrete-event simulation that, in addition to visualizing evolving construction products, also concerns the visualization of the operations and processes that are performed in building them. In addition to what is built where and when, the approach communicates who builds it and how by depicting the interaction between involved machines, resources, and materials. This paper introduces the two approaches, and describes the differences in concept, form, and content between activity level and operations level construction visualization. An example of a structural steel framing operation is presented to elucidate the comparison. This work was originally published in the proceedings of the 2002 IEEE Winter Simulation Conference (Kamat and Martinez 2002). This paper expands on the original work, by describing recent advances in both activity and operations level construction visualization.

Question: What is the difference between activity and operations level construction visualization?


Question: What is the effect of small disjuncts and class distribution on decision tree learning?


Deep learning to extract laboratory mouse ultrasonic vocalizations from scalograms. We tested two techniques that can assist in the automatic extraction and analysis of laboratory mouse ultrasonic vocalizations. First, we substituted a Morlet-wavelet-based scalogram in place of the commonly used Fourier-based spectrogram. The frequencies in a scalogram are logarithmically scaled, which likely makes it better model a mouse's pitch perception based on the structure of its inner ear. Works that use the linear spectrogram are more likely to overemphasize frequency change at high frequencies, and so might misclassify calls when partitioning them according to frequency modulation. We showed that laboratory mice do indeed modulate their calls more when making high-frequency calls, which we would expect if they perceive pitch logarithmically. Secondly, we used "deep" convolutional neural networks to automatically identify calls within the scalogram. A convolutional neural network performs much like the animal visual cortex, and has enjoyed recent success in computer-vision and related problems. We compared the convolutional network to a conventional fully-connected neural network and the Song filter used by recent papers, and found that our convolutional network identifies calls with greater precision and recall.

Question: How do you extract ultrasonic vocalizations from scalograms?


Toward understanding characteristics of dedicated short range communications (DSRC) from a perspective of vehicular network engineers. IEEE 802.11p-based Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) is considered a promising wireless technology for enhancing transportation safety and improving highway efficiency. Here, using a large set of empirical measurement data taken in a rich variety of realistic driving environments, we attempt to characterize communication properties of DSRC as well as to analyze the causes of communication loss. Specifically, from a perspective of vehicular network engineers, the fundamental characteristic of DSRC communications is Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). We investigate the impact of both uncontrollable environmental factors and controllable radio parameters on DSRC characteristics. Moreover, we also examine temporal correlation, spatial correlation and symmetric correlation of DSRC characteristics under realistic vehicular environments.

Question: What is the impact of controllable radio parameters on DSRC characteristics?


On the Reception and Detection of Pseudo-profound Bullshit. Although bullshit is common in everyday life and has attracted attention from philosophers, its reception (critical or ingenuous) has not, to our knowledge, been subject to empirical investigation. Here we focus on pseudo-profound bullshit, which consists of seemingly impressive assertions that are presented as true and meaningful but are actually vacuous. We presented participants with bullshit statements consisting of buzzwords randomly organized into statements with syntactic structure but no discernible meaning (e.g., "Wholeness quiets infinite phenomena"). Across multiple studies, the propensity to judge bullshit statements as profound was associated with a variety of conceptually relevant variables (e.g., intuitive cognitive style, supernatural belief). Parallel associations were less evident among profundity judgments for more conventionally profound (e.g., "A wet person does not fear the rain") or mundane (e.g., "Newborn babies require constant attention") statements. These results support the idea that some people are more receptive to this type of bullshit and that detecting it is not merely a matter of indiscriminate skepticism but rather a discernment of deceptive vagueness in otherwise impressive sounding claims. Our results also suggest that a bias toward accepting statements as true may be an important component of pseudo-profound bullshit receptivity.

Question: What is the difference between bullshit and pseudo-profound bullshit?


Improving the Fisher Kernel for Large-Scale Image Classification. The Fisher kernel (FK) is a generic framework which combines the benefits of generative and discriminative approaches. In the context of image classification the FK was shown to extend the popular bag-of-visual-words (BOV) by going beyond count statistics. However, in practice, this enriched representation has not yet shown its superiority over the BOV. In the first part we show that with several well-motivated modifications over the original framework we can boost the accuracy of the FK. On PASCAL VOC 2007 we increase the Average Precision (AP) from 47.9% to 58.3%. Similarly, we demonstrate state-of-the-art accuracy on CalTech 256. A major advantage is that these results are obtained using only SIFT descriptors and costless linear classifiers. Equipped with this representation, we can now explore image classification on a larger scale. In the second part, as an application, we compare two abundant resources of labeled images to learn classifiers: ImageNet and Flickr groups. In an evaluation involving hundreds of thousands of training images we show that classifiers learned on Flickr groups perform surprisingly well (although they were not intended for this purpose) and that they can complement classifiers learned on more carefully annotated datasets.

Question: How to improve the fisher kernel for large scale image classification?


Large-Scale Automatic Species Identification. The crowd-sourced Naturewatch GBIF dataset is used to obtain a species classification dataset containing approximately 1.2 million photos of nearly 20 thousand different species of biological organisms observed in their natural habitat. We present a general hierarchical species identification system based on deep convolutional neural networks trained on the NatureWatch dataset. The dataset contains images taken under a wide variety of conditions and is heavily imbalanced, with most species associated with only few images. We apply multi-view classification as a way to lend more influence to high frequency details, hierarchical fine-tuning to help with class imbalance and provide regularisation, and automatic specificity control for optimising classification depth. Our system achieves 55.8% accuracy when identifying individual species and around 90% accuracy at an average taxonomy depth of 5.1—equivalent to the taxonomic rank of "family"—when applying automatic specificity control.

Question: What is the accuracy of the species identification system?


A Real Time Speech to Text Conversion Technique for Bengali Language. This paper presents a model to convert natural Bengali language to text. The proposed model requires the usage of the open sourced framework Sphinx 4 which is written in Java and provides the required procedural coding tools to develop an acoustic model for a custom language like Bengali. Our main objective was to ensure that the system was adequately trained on a word by word basis from various speakers so that it could recognize new speakers fluently. We used a free digital audio workstation (DAW) called Audacity to manipulate the collected recording data via continuous frequency profiling techniques to reduce the Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR), vocal leveling, normalization and syllable splitting as well as merging which ensure an error free 1:1-word mapping of each utterance with its mirror transcription file text. To evaluate the performance of proposed model, we utilize an audio dataset of recorded speech data from 10 individual speakers consisting of both males and females using custom transcript files that we wrote. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model exhibits average 71.7% accuracy for our tested dataset.

Question: How to convert natural Bengali language to text?


Designing an UHF RFID Reader Antenna. In this paper, a circularly polarized (CP) Octagonal shape microstrip patch antenna fed by coaxial feed is designed and analyzed for RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) reader applications. The physical parameters of the structure as well as its partial ground plane are analyzed and optimized using Zealand IE3D simulation software. Return loss (S11), voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), directivity and gain are carried out. The results show that the proposed antenna has good impedance and radiation characteristics over the required bandwidth, 860-960 MHz (UHF RFID band). The return loss of the optimized Octagonal-shaped microstrip patch antenna is below 10dB over the UHF frequency band. The proposed antenna is very promising for various modern communication applications.

Question: What is the return loss of the antenna?


Contextual correlates of synonymy. Experimentol corroboration was obtained for the hypothesis that the proportion of words common to the contexts of word A and to the contexts of word B is a function of the degree to which A and B are similar in meaning. The tests were carried out for variously defined contexts. The shapes of the functions, however, indicate that similarity of context is reliable as criterion only for detecting pairs of words that are very similar in meaning.

Question: What is the meaning of the word "correlates"?


Prediction of Rainfall Time Series Using Modular Artificial Neural Networks Coupled with Data Preprocessing Techniques. 1 Dept. of Civil and Structural Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 4 Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China 5 6 2 Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research, 7 Changjiang Water Resources Commission, 8 430010, Wuhan, HuBei, People's Republic of China 9 10 3 Department of Civil Engineering, Ryerson University, 11 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3 12 13 *Email: cekwchau@polyu.edu.hk 14 15 ABSTRACT 16

Question: What is the prediction of rainfall time series using modular artificial neural networks coupled with data preprocessing techniques?


Managing Organizational Knowledge By Diagnosing Intellectual Capital : Framing and Advancing the State of the Field. Copyright © 2001, Idea Group Publishing. Since organizational knowledge is at the crux of sustainable competitive advantage, the burgeoning field of intellectual capital is an exciting area for both researchers and practitioners. Intellectual capital is conceptualized from numerous disciplines making the field a mosaic of perspectives. Accountants are interested in how to measure it on the balance sheet, information technologists want to codify it on systems, sociologists want to balance power with it, psychologists want to develop minds because of it, human resource managers want to calculate an ROI on it, and training and development officers want to make sure that they can build it. The following article represents a comprehensive literature review from a variety of managerial disciplines. In addition to highlighting the research to date, avenues for future pursuit are also offered.

Question: How to measure intellectual capital?


Playful public participation in urban planning: A case study for online serious games. The aim of this paper is to study the implementation of online games to encourage public participation in urban planning. Its theoretical foundations are based on previous work in public participatory geographical information systems (PP GISs), play and games, with a special focus on serious games. Serious games aim to support learning processes in a new, more playful way. We developed the concept of playful public participation in urban planning, including playful elements such as storytelling, walking and moving, sketching, drawing, and games. A group of students designed an online serious public participatory game entitled NextCampus. The case study used in NextCampus was taken from the real-world question of a possible move of a university campus to a new location in the city of Hamburg, Germany. The development of the serious public participatory game NextCampus resulted in a physical prototype, user interface design, and a computational model of the game. The NextCampus game was tested with the help of two groups of urban planning students and presented to three external experts who provided valuable recommendations for further development. The critical comments questioned the level of complexity involved in such games. The positive comments included recognition of the potential for joy and the play-fulness a game like NextCampus could evoke. Public participatory online applications aim to attract citizens to discuss current issues related to their environment and to improve the process of public participation in general. An integration of geographic information systems (GISs) with public participatory tools represents one of the latest innovations in this area. ways of integrating the new applications into participatory processes and considers which new functionalities and technical characteristics could offer the most benefit to users. In the past, these technologies and o

Question: What is the difference between a public participatory game and a public participatory geographic information system?


Implementation of Sugeno FIS in model reference adaptive system adaptation scheme for speed sensorless control of PMSM. Model reference adaptive system (MRAS) is one of the popular methods to observe the speed and the angle information of the Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). This paper proposes a new adaptation scheme for MRAS to replace the conventional PI controller based on Popov Hyperstability theorem. In this project, the speed of PMSM is controlled by using field oriented control (FOC) method and the MRAS is used to observe the speed and the rotor position of the motor. The reference model for the MRAS is the PMSM itself while the adjustable model is the current model in the rotor reference frame. The Sugeno Fuzzy Logic Inference System (FIS) is implemented in the adaptation scheme in order to tune the error between the reference and the adjustable model. The new proposed method shows it is capable to track the motor speed efficiently at wide range of operating speeds.

Question: How to implement Sugeno FIS in model reference adaptive system adaptation scheme for speed sensorless control of PMSM?


Deep Learning-Based Large-Scale Automatic Satellite Crosswalk Classification. High-resolution satellite imagery has been increasingly used on remote sensing classification problems. One of the main factors is the availability of this kind of data. Despite the high availability, very little effort has been placed on the zebra crossing classification problem. In this letter, crowdsourcing systems are exploited in order to enable the automatic acquisition and annotation of a large-scale satellite imagery database for crosswalks related tasks. Then, this data set is used to train deep-learning-based models in order to accurately classify satellite images that contain or not contain zebra crossings. A novel data set with more than 240000 images from 3 continents, 9 countries, and more than 20 cities was used in the experiments. The experimental results showed that freely available crowdsourcing data can be used to accurately (97.11%) train robust models to perform crosswalk classification on a global scale.

Question: What is the size of the satellite imagery database?


Deformable part models are convolutional neural networks. Deformable part models (DPMs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are two widely used tools for visual recognition. They are typically viewed as distinct approaches: DPMs are graphical models (Markov random fields), while CNNs are "black-box" non-linear classifiers. In this paper, we show that a DPM can be formulated as a CNN, thus providing a synthesis of the two ideas. Our construction involves unrolling the DPM inference algorithm and mapping each step to an equivalent CNN layer. From this perspective, it is natural to replace the standard image features used in DPMs with a learned feature extractor. We call the resulting model a DeepPyramid DPM and experimentally validate it on PASCAL VOC object detection. We find that DeepPyramid DPMs significantly outperform DPMs based on histograms of oriented gradients features (HOG) and slightly outperforms a comparable version of the recently introduced R-CNN detection system, while running significantly faster.

Question: What is a convolutional neural network?


Dose-response relationship in music therapy for people with serious mental disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis.. Serious mental disorders have considerable individual and societal impact, and traditional treatments may show limited effects. Music therapy may be beneficial in psychosis and depression, including treatment-resistant cases. The aim of this review was to examine the benefits of music therapy for people with serious mental disorders. All existing prospective studies were combined using mixed-effects meta-analysis models, allowing to examine the influence of study design (RCT vs. CCT vs. pre-post study), type of disorder (psychotic vs. non-psychotic), and number of sessions. Results showed that music therapy, when added to standard care, has strong and significant effects on global state, general symptoms, negative symptoms, depression, anxiety, functioning, and musical engagement. Significant dose-effect relationships were identified for general, negative, and depressive symptoms, as well as functioning, with explained variance ranging from 73% to 78%. Small effect sizes for these outcomes are achieved after 3 to 10, large effects after 16 to 51 sessions. The findings suggest that music therapy is an effective treatment which helps people with psychotic and non-psychotic severe mental disorders to improve global state, symptoms, and functioning. Slight improvements can be seen with a few therapy sessions, but longer courses or more frequent sessions are needed to achieve more substantial benefits.

Question: What is the dose-response relationship in music therapy for people with serious mental disorders?


DETERMINING TRENDS IN GLOBAL CRIME AND JUSTICE : AN OVERVIEW OF RESULTS FROM THE UNITED NATIONS SURVEYS OF CRIME TRENDS AND OPERATIONS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS. Effectively measuring comparative developments in crime and justice trends from a global perspective remains a key challenge for international policy makers. The ability to compare crime levels across countries enables policy makers to determine where interventions should occur and improves understanding of the key causes of crime in different societies across the globe. Nevertheless, there are significant challenges to comparative work in the field of criminal justice, not least of which is the ability to quantify accurately levels of crime across countries. Taking into account the methodological weaknesses of using crosscountry data sources, the present article provides conclusions obtained by analysing the large amount of data available from the various United Nations surveys of crime trends and operations of criminal justice systems. "Not everything that can be counted, counts. And not everything that counts can be counted." Albert Einstein

Question: How many crimes are committed in the world?